gan

== Translingual == === Symbol === gan (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Gan. === See also === Wiktionary’s coverage of Gan terms == English == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ɡæn/ Rhymes: -æn === Etymology 1 === Probably a variant of gang, from Middle English gangen, from Old English gangan (“to step; walk; go”). ==== Alternative forms ==== gang ==== Verb ==== gan (third-person singular simple present gans, present participle gawn or gannin, simple past went, past participle gane) (Northumbria, North Yorkshire) To go. === Etymology 2 === ==== Verb ==== gan (archaic) simple past of gin === Further reading === Frank Graham, editor (1987), “GAN”, in The New Geordie Dictionary, Rothbury, Northumberland: Butler Publishing, →ISBN. Scott Dobson, Dick Irwin, “gan”, in Newcastle 1970s: Durham & Tyneside Dialect Group‎[2], archived from the original on 5 September 2024. Todd's Geordie Words and Phrases, George Todd, Newcastle, 1977[3] “Gan”, in Palgrave’s Word List: Durham & Tyneside Dialect Group‎[4], archived from the original on 5 September 2024, from F[rancis] M[ilnes] T[emple] Palgrave, A List of Words and Phrases in Everyday Use by the Natives of Hetton-le-Hole in the County of Durham […] (Publications of the English Dialect Society; 74), London: Published for the English Dialect Society by Henry Frowde, Oxford University Press, 1896, →OCLC. Northumberland Words, English Dialect Society, R. Oliver Heslop, 1893–4 Bill Griffiths, editor (2004), “gan”, in A Dictionary of North East Dialect, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear: Northumbria University Press, →ISBN. === Anagrams === AGN, ANG, GNA, NGA, nag == Antillean Creole == === Etymology === From French gant. === Noun === gan glove == Bambara == === Etymology 1 === ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): [ɡã˦] ==== Verb ==== gan to jump === Etymology 2 === ==== Adjective ==== gan hot ==== Verb ==== gan (transitive) to heat up === References === 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics. == Dharug == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ŋan/ === Noun === gan reptile (specifically) goanna Synonym: wirriga === References === Troy, Jakelin (2019) [1994], The Sydney Language‎[5], 2nd edition, Canberra, ACT: Aboriginal Studies Press, →ISBN, page 45 == Garo == === Etymology === Borrowed from Bengali গান (gan). === Noun === gan song == Haitian Creole == === Etymology === From French gant (“glove”). === Noun === gan glove === References === Targète, Jean; Urciolo, Raphael (1993), Haitian Creole-English Dictionary‎[6], Dunwoody Press, →ISBN, page 73 == Irish == === Etymology === From Old Irish cen (“besides; without”), from Proto-Celtic *kina (“on this side of”); compare Middle Welsh am-gen (“otherwise”), Breton ken (“otherwise”). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ɡən̪ˠ/, /ɡənˠ/ (Munster, also) IPA(key): /ɡɑn̪ˠ/ (Aran, also) IPA(key): /ɡɑn/, /ɡɔn/ === Preposition === gan (plus nominative, triggers no mutation in specific references but lenition in general references) without not (in conjunction with a verbal noun) ==== Usage notes ==== In standard written Irish, triggers lenition (except of d, s, t) of unmodified nouns, e.g. gan phingin (“without a penny”). Does not trigger lenition of modified nouns, e.g. gan pingin ina phóca (“without a penny in his pocket”). In the meaning ‘not’, does not trigger lenition of either a verbal noun or on the direct object of the verbal noun, e.g. gan ceannach (“not to buy”), gan pingin a shaothrú (“not to earn a penny”). Unlike most prepositions, gan takes the nominative case of nouns, as shown by the lack of mutation of consonant-initial masculine singular nouns after the definite article, for example gan an plúr (“without the flour”), and the presence of t-prothesis of vowel-initial masculine singular nouns after the article, for example gan an t-airgead (“without the money”). Unlike most prepositions, gan does not form prepositional pronouns, but is instead followed by the disjunctive form of a personal pronoun, for example gan mé (“without me”), gan sinn (“without us”), gan é (“without him”). ==== Quotations ==== === References === === Further reading === Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “gan”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959), “gan”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm “gan”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2026 == Japanese == === Romanization === gan Rōmaji transcription of がん Rōmaji transcription of ガン == Jawe == === Noun === gan tattoo === References === André-Georges Haudricourt et Françoise Ozanne-Rivière, Dictionnaire thématique des langues de la région de Hienghène (Nouvelle-Calédonie) : pije - fwâi - nemi - jawe, Lacito - Documents, Asie-Austronésie 4, SELAF no. 212, Peeters, 1982 == Latvian == === Conjunction === gan both, and ==== Usage notes ==== Used in pairs: gan jauna, gan skaista "both young and beautiful" == Low German == === Verb === gan alternative form of gahn (“to go”) == Mandarin == === Romanization === gan nonstandard spelling of gān nonstandard spelling of gǎn nonstandard spelling of gàn ==== Usage notes ==== Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone. == Middle English == === Etymology 1 === ==== Preposition ==== gan alternative form of gain (“against”) === Etymology 2 === ==== Verb ==== gan (Early Middle English, Northern) alternative form of gon (“to go”) === Etymology 3 === ==== Verb ==== gan alternative form of gon (“gone”) == Middle High German == === Alternative forms === gēn, kēn === Etymology === Inherited from Old High German gān, gēn, from Proto-West Germanic *gān. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): (before 13th CE) /ˈɡaːn/ === Verb === gān (irregular, third-person singular present gāt, past tense gienc, past participle gegān or gegangen, past subjunctive gienge, auxiliary sīn) to go ==== Conjugation ==== ==== Descendants ==== Alemannic German: gaa, gan, ge, gi, goo, gu Swabian: gau, geha Bavarian: geh, gea, gean, gian Cimbrian: gian, ghéenan (Sette Comuni) Northern Bavarian: [ɡ̊ɛi] Central Franconian: giehn, gohn (northeastern Moselle Franconian), john, jonn (Ripuarian) Hunsrik: gehn, keen Luxembourgish: goen East Central German: gii, giin (Erzgebirgisch) Upper Saxon German: Vilamovian: gejn East Franconian: German: gehen Rhine Franconian: geh, gehe, gäh, gähe, gäj, gäje, gih, gihe, gej, geje Frankfurterisch: [g̥ε̃ː] Pennsylvania German: geh Yiddish: גיין (geyn) == Middle Vietnamese == === Etymology === From Proto-Vietic *t-kaːn, from Old Chinese 肝 (OC *s.kˤa[r]). === Noun === gan (anatomy) liver ==== Descendants ==== Vietnamese: gan === References === Alexandre de Rhodes (1651), “gan”, in Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (in Middle Vietnamese, Latin, and Portuguese), Rome: Propaganda Fide == Northern Kurdish == === Etymology === Cognate with Central Kurdish and Southern Kurdish گان (gan), Gurani گای (gai), Zazaki gaene, gainaene, Persian گاییدن, Middle Persian [Term?] (/⁠gādan⁠/). In some dialects it's the animal equivalent of tê niyan (“to fuck; lit. "to put in, insert"”) or a meaner way of saying "fuck" by insinuating the person cursed at is an animal. That considered, the actual sense may have been "to breed" and derived from ga (“ox; bull; stud; any male cattle”). In some dialects and derived terms it's used only for homosexual acts or prostitution. === Verb === gan (present stem -gê-) to fuck, to breed, to have sexual intercourse, to copulate ==== Derived terms ==== tev gan ("fuck up") xwe gê ("fuck yourself, fuck off") xwe gan bi paş va ("back the fuck off") === Noun === gan f sex ==== Derived terms ==== gan dan ("to whore oneself", lit. "to give sex") gander ("whore" lit. "sex-giver") ganganok ("sodomite") ganewî ("sexy") gan kirin ("to have sex") == Nupe == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ɡã̄/ === Verb === gan to exceed; to surpass Èmì mi li gan èmì u. ― My house is cleaner than her house. U ge gan kpáátá. ― It's the best. (literally, “It is good surpassing all”) Gànsìkiya ligwa gankò. ― The truth washes the hands more than soap. ==== Usage notes ==== Used to construct the comparative and superlative. ==== Derived terms ==== gangan (“to be too much”) ganganyí (“very much”) == Old Dutch == === Etymology === From Proto-West Germanic *gān. === Verb === gān to go ==== Conjugation ==== ==== Derived terms ==== anagān antgān bigān fargān ūtgān ==== Descendants ==== Middle Dutch: gâenDutch: gaanAfrikaans: gaanJavindo: ha, haatJersey Dutch: xân, xânePetjo: gaan, haanLimburgish: gaon, goëne ==== Further reading ==== “gān”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012 == Old English == === Etymology === From Proto-West Germanic *gān, from Proto-Germanic *gāną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁- (“to leave”). The verb was defective in Germanic and may have existed only in the present tense. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ɡɑːn/ Rhymes: -ɑːn === Verb === gān to go c. 990, Wessex Gospels, "Gospel of Saint John", chapter 21, verse 3 late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers" late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter" to walk late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter" late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 6:66 to enter c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 24:38-39 ==== Usage notes ==== The expected present participle, gānde, is very rare. Instead gangende is almost always used, from the synonym gangan: Līf nis būtan gangendu sċadu ("Life is but a walking shadow"). ==== Conjugation ==== ==== Synonyms ==== gangan ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Related terms ==== gang ==== Descendants ==== Middle English: gon, goo, goon, go, gan, ga (Northern), geen (pseudo-Northern)English: goGeordie: ganMiddle Scots: go, goe, goneScots: gan, gae, gang, ging, gyangYola: goe, go, gow == Old Frisian == === Etymology === From Proto-West Germanic *gān. === Verb === gān to go ==== Conjugation ==== ==== Descendants ==== Saterland Frisian: geen (simple past, past participle of gunge) West Frisian: gean == Old High German == === Alternative forms === gēn — see there for more === Etymology === From Proto-West Germanic *gān. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ɡaːn/ === Verb === gān to go ==== Usage notes ==== The ā-form was found especially in Alemannic and in western Franconian. In the former, the vocalism was regularized early on (du gās, er gāt); in the latter, the West Germanic vowel alternation (du geis, he geit) has been preserved even to this day. ==== Descendants ==== Middle High German: gān Alemannic German: go, gon Central Franconian: jonn, john, gohn === See also === stān == Old Saxon == === Etymology === From Proto-West Germanic *gān. === Verb === gān to go ==== Conjugation ==== ==== Descendants ==== Middle Low German: gân Low German: gahn Dutch Low Saxon: gan, gaan, gaon German Low German: gahn Plautdietsch: gonen == Scots == === Alternative forms === gae, gang, ging, gyang === Etymology === From Northern Middle English gan, from Old English gān (“to go”). Past tense supplied by Old English wenden (“to wend”). === Verb === gan (third-person singular simple present gans, present participle gan, simple past went or wett, past participle been) to go == Scottish Gaelic == === Etymology === Contraction of aig (“at”) +‎ an (“their”) === Pronunciation === (Lewis, Wester Ross) IPA(key): /ɣa(n)/ (Southern Hebridean, Skye) IPA(key): /ɡ̊a(n)/ (South Argyll) IPA(key): /ɡ̊ɑ(n)/ === Preposition === gan (+ dative, triggers eclipsis of a vowel) them (direct object) A bheil sibh gan creidsinn? ― Do you believe them? ==== Usage notes ==== Before words beginning with b, f, m or p gam is used instead. ==== Related terms ==== === References === == Sumerian == === Romanization === gan romanization of 𒃶 (gan) == Ternate == === Etymology === From older gani. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): [ˈɡan] === Noun === gan alternative form of gani (“louse”) === References === Rika Hayami-Allen (2001), A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh == Tok Pisin == === Etymology === From English gun. === Noun === gan gun == Turkmen == === Etymology === Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kān (“blood”). Cognate with Turkish kan. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈɣɑːn/, [ˈɢɑ̝ːn] === Noun === gan (definite accusative gany, plural ganlar) blood ==== Declension ==== ==== Derived terms ==== === Further reading === “gan” in Enedilim.com “gan” in Webonary.org == Vietnamese == === Pronunciation === (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [ɣaːn˧˧] (Huế) IPA(key): [ɣaːŋ˧˧] (Saigon) IPA(key): [ɣaːŋ˧˧] === Etymology 1 === Inherited from Proto-Vietic *t-kaːn, derived from Old Chinese 肝 (OC *s.kˤa[r]) (SV: can). Cognate with Chut [Rục] təkaːn¹ ("bold"). Attested as gan in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651). Displaced native lòm, now only found in the compounds đỏ lòm and chua lòm. ==== Noun ==== (classifier lá, cái) gan • (肝, 𭆺) (anatomy) liver (figurative) audacity; gall; balls to gan ― audacious nhát gan/gan thỏ đế ― chicken ==== Adjective ==== gan • (肝, 𭆺) hepatic courageous, brave, tough ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 2 === (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) ==== Noun ==== (classifier cây) gan Malus doumeri Synonym: sơn tra === Anagrams === nga, Nga == Volapük == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): [ɡan] === Noun === gan (genitive gana, plural gans) (male or female) goose ==== Declension ==== ==== Hypernyms ==== böd nim ==== Hyponyms ==== ganil ==== Derived terms ==== ==== See also ==== barnig (“brant goose, brent goose”), Branta bernicla == Welsh == === Etymology 1 === From Middle Welsh cant, from Old Welsh cant, from Proto-Brythonic *gant, from Proto-Celtic *kanta. Cognate with Breton gant and Ancient Greek κατά (katá, “against; downwards”). ==== Pronunciation ==== (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA(key): /ɡan/ (North Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /ɡɪn/ (South Wales) IPA(key): /ɡan/ Rhymes: -an ==== Preposition ==== gan (triggers soft mutation) (North Wales) used with bod to indicate possession Synonym: gyda by (after a passive construction) by, from (authorship) used with verbal noun to indicate an action simultaneous with that of the main verb, while, whilst King, Gareth (1993), Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar (Routledge Grammars), London and New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 131: ===== Usage notes ===== See gan on Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru for more information. ===== Inflection ===== === Etymology 2 === ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /ɡan/ Rhymes: -an ==== Adjective ==== gan soft mutation of can ==== Noun ==== gan soft mutation of can === References === === Mutation === == Wolof == === Pronunciation === === Noun === gan (definite form gan gi) stranger guest == Yoruba == === Alternative forms === gẹ̀n (Òǹkò) === Etymology 1 === ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /ɡã̀/ ==== Verb ==== gàn (transitive) to disparage, criticize, belittle Synonyms: pẹ̀gàn, ṣáátá, ṣàbùkù, kẹ́gàn ọ̀tá mí gàn mí ― my enemy disparages me ===== Usage notes ===== gan before a direct object ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Related terms ===== lámèyítọ́ (“critic”) === Etymology 2 === ==== Alternative forms ==== gẹn (Òǹkò) ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /ɡã̄/ ==== Verb ==== gan (intransitive) to become stiff, to harden kankéré ti gan ― The concrete has hardened ===== Derived terms ===== Aganjú (“orisha of the wilderness”) ìgan agan === Etymology 3 === ==== Alternative forms ==== gẹ́n (Òǹkò) ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /ɡã́/ ==== Verb ==== gán (transitive) to stub, to clear (plants or a forest) Synonym: ṣán àgbẹ́ gán' igbó ― The farmer cleared the forest ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 4 === ==== Alternative forms ==== gẹ́n (Òǹkò) ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /ɡã́/ ==== Verb ==== gán to use something very sparingly Synonym: sún mo ń gán owó lò ― I am using money very sparingly ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 5 === ==== Alternative forms ==== gẹ́n (Òǹkò) ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /ɡã́/ ==== Verb ==== gán to hit something with a thrown or spun object mo ń gán owó lò ― I am using money very sparingly ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 6 === ==== Alternative forms ==== gẹ́n (Òǹkò) ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /ɡã́/ ==== Verb ==== gán to tack or stich something together Synonym: rán mo gán etí aṣọ pọ̀ ― I hemmed the edge of the cloth together ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Related terms ===== gbá (“to stich together the edges of a mat”) === Etymology 7 === ==== Alternative forms ==== gẹ́n (Òǹkò) ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /ɡã́/ ==== Verb ==== gán to snatch something in the air, especially with one hand Synonyms: hán, wọ́n mo fọwọ́ gán bọ́ọ̀lù náà pákó ― I used my hand to snatch the ball swiftly from the air ===== Derived terms =====