-tus

== Finnish == === Etymology === By analogy with -us derivatives of verbs ending in -ttaa and -staa, which are plenty. === Suffix === -tus (front vowel harmony variant -tys, linguistic notation -tUs) alternative form of -us (forms nouns from verbs, describing an action or event) ==== Usage notes ==== This variant of the suffix is used when the verb belongs to the conjugation classes: 66 (rohkaista); the stem for the verb will be the consonant stem ending in -s- 69 (valita); the stem for the verb will be the part prior to the final -ts- ==== Declension ==== ==== Derived terms ==== == Gothic == === Romanization === -tus romanization of -𐍄𐌿𐍃 == Latin == === Etymology 1 === From Proto-Italic *-tos, from Proto-Indo-European *-tós (suffix creating verbal adjectives). Compare Proto-Slavic *-tъ, Proto-Germanic *-þaz, *-daz, *-taz. ==== Pronunciation ==== (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈtʊs] (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈtus] ==== Suffix ==== -tus (feminine -ta, neuter -tum); first/second-declension suffix Forms the past participle of verbs. Forms adjectives having the sense "provided with". iūs (“law, legality; equity, the right, justice”) → iūstus (“lawful, legal; equitable, rightful, just”) onus (“a burden or load, especially one excessive in magnitude”) → onustus (“burdened”, “heavily laden”, “overencumbered by a load”) ===== Usage notes ===== Verb stems may be modified by the attachment of this suffix in certain predictable or unpredictable ways: Stem-final b and g are regularly devoiced to p and c respectively. If the stem ends in a short vowel directly followed by g, this vowel is usually lengthened (due to Lachmann's Law) but sometimes remains short (especially after the high vowel i, as in cōnstrictus from cōnstringō or fictus from fingō). ‎agō (“lead”) + ‎-tus → ‎āctus ‎scrībō (“write”) + ‎-tus → ‎scrīptus Stem-final qu is delabialised, giving c. Likewise, stem-final ngu is delabialized to nc. ‎coquō (“cook”) + ‎-tus → ‎coctus ‎exstinguō (“extinguish”) + ‎-tus → ‎exstīnctus Stem-final v either merges with the preceding vowel (yielding the diphthong au in the case of -av-, or the long vowels ō and ū in the case of -ov- and -uv-/-u-) or is replaced with c. These are the expected outcomes of the distinct Proto-Italic consonants *w and *gʷ, respectively, which merged between vowels in Latin as -v-. However, Latin c in this context does not always descend from original Proto-Italic *gʷ, because analogical changes took place after the merger and affected the distribution of c. ‎caveō (“beware”) + ‎-tus → ‎cautus ‎voveō (“vow”) + ‎-tus → ‎vōtus ‎iuvō (“aid”) + ‎-tus → ‎iūtus ‎vīvō (“live”) + ‎-tus → ‎vīctus ‎solvō (“untie, set free, separate”) + ‎-tus → ‎solūtus Stem-final d or t fuses with the t of the suffix, giving -ssus. This is simplified to -sus if not preceded by a short vowel. Similarly to g-final stems, d-final stems sometimes (but not always) have lengthened vowels in the past participle due to Lachmann's Law. ‎cadō (“fall”) + ‎-tus → ‎cāsus For various reasons (including historical sound changes and analogy, often with perfect stems), some verbs with stems not ending in d or t also use the allomorph -sus. Stem-final rg gives -rsus. ‎mergō (“plunge”) + ‎-tus → ‎mersus ‎tergeō (“rub, cleanse”) + ‎-tus → ‎tersus Stem final ll and rr sometimes give -lsus and -rsus respectively. ‎currō (“run”) + ‎-tus → ‎cursus When attached to stems of 1st, 2nd or 4th conjugation verbs, the long vowel at the end of the present stem may be retained unchanged, replaced by short -i-, or dropped entirely. It's retained for most 1st conjugation verbs, while it becomes short i for many 2nd conjugation verbs: ‎errō (errā-) (“wander”) + ‎-tus → ‎errātus ‎audiō (audī-) (“hear”) + ‎-tus → ‎audītus ‎moneō (monē-) (“advise, remind”) + ‎-tus → ‎monitus ‎augeō (augē-) (“increase”) + ‎-tus → ‎auctus Noun stems generally do not exhibit these modifications. There are some adjectives ending in -stus that originate from s-stem nouns, such as onustus, scelestus, but otherwise, the suffix is rarely attached directly to a consonant-final noun stem. Most derivatives in -tus from nouns contain a long vowel before the -t-. In some cases, this may originate partly or wholly from the final vowel of the stem (for example, barbātus from barba, aurītus from auris, cornūtus from cornu-). However, eventually these vowels were reanalyzed as part of the suffix; see -ātus, -ītus, -ūtus. ===== Declension ===== First/second-declension adjective. ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 2 === From Proto-Italic *-tus, from Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots). Cognate with Sanskrit -तुम् (-tum), Proto-Germanic *-þuz, Ancient Greek -τύς (-tús), Proto-Slavic *-tъ. ==== Pronunciation ==== (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈtʊs] (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈtus] ==== Suffix ==== -tus m (genitive -tūs); fourth declension Forms action nouns from verbs. ‎cadō + ‎-tus → ‎cāsus ‎habeō (“to have, possess, have on, carry, wear”) + ‎-tus → ‎habitus (“a state or condition of being, physical character, demeanour, style of dress”) ‎sūmō (“to spend [time, effort, money, etc.]”) + ‎-tus → ‎sūmptus (“expenditure”) ===== Usage notes ===== The verb stem undergoes the same modifications as for the participle suffix; see -sus. ===== Declension ===== Fourth-declension noun. ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 3 === From Proto-Indo-European *-tuHts (abstract-noun forming suffix). Compare Proto-Celtic *-tūss, Gothic -𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃 (-dūþs). See -tās. ==== Pronunciation ==== (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈtuːs] (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈtus] ==== Suffix ==== -tūs f (genitive -tūtis); third declension Forms collective/abstract nouns from adjectives or other nouns. iuvenis (“young, a young man”) → iuventūs (“the young, young men collectively; the period or qualities of youthful manhood, youth”) senex (“an old man”) → senectūs (“old men collectively; the period or condition of old age”) ===== Declension ===== Third-declension noun. ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 4 === From Proto-Italic *-tos, from Proto-Indo-European *-tos. Compare Ancient Greek -τός (-tós), found in the adverb ἐντός (entós, “within”), and Sanskrit -तस् (-tas), found as an ablatival ending in अतस् (átas), अग्रतस् (agratás). ==== Alternative forms ==== -itus ==== Pronunciation ==== (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [tʊs] (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [tus] ==== Suffix ==== -tus (not comparable) -ly; used to form adverbs. ===== Synonyms ===== (-ly): -ē, -ter, -ō ==== See also ==== === References === === Further reading === “-tūs¹” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82) “-tus²” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82) “-tus³” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)