trudny

== Old Polish == === Etymology === Inherited from Proto-Slavic *trudьnъ. By surface analysis, trud +‎ -ny. First attested in the first half of the 14th century. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /tru(ː)dniː/ IPA(key): (15th CE) /trudni/ === Adjective === trudny (derived adverb trudnie or trudno) (attested in Greater Poland) difficult, hard (requiring effort and overcoming obstacles) difficult, hard (requiring much mental effort) (attested in Lesser Poland) difficult (annoying, causing pain, burdensome) sad; full of pain (of bread) given in small amounts (attested in Lesser Poland) sick, ill; suffering ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Related terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== Polish: trudny Silesian: trudny === References === Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “trudny”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN Mańczak, Witold (2017), “trudny”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “trudny”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN == Polish == === Etymology === Inherited from Old Polish trudny. By surface analysis, trud +‎ -ny. === Pronunciation === Rhymes: -udnɘ Syllabification: trud‧ny === Adjective === trudny (comparative trudniejszy, superlative najtrudniejszy, derived adverb trudno) difficult (hard, not easy, requiring much effort) Synonyms: see Thesaurus:trudny Antonyms: lekki, łatwy difficult (not easily understandable) difficult (filled with hardship) Synonym: ciężki difficult (hard to manage, uncooperative, troublesome) ==== Declension ==== ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Related terms ==== === Trivia === According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), trudny is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 30 times in scientific texts, 13 times in news, 38 times in essays, 11 times in fiction, and 12 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 104 times, making it the 599th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words. === References === === Further reading === trudny in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN trudny in Polish dictionaries at PWN Maria Renata Mayenowa; Stanisław Rospond; Witold Taszycki; Stefan Hrabec; Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023), “trudny”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish] “TRUDNY”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 15.09.2023 Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814), “trudny”, in Słownik języka polskiego Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “trudny”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861 J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1919), “trudny”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 7, Warsaw, page 126 == Silesian == === Etymology === Inherited from Old Polish trudny. By surface analysis, trud +‎ -ny. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈtrud.nɪ/ Rhymes: -udnɪ Syllabification: trud‧ny === Adjective === trudny (derived adverb trudno) difficult; hard ==== Declension ==== ==== Derived terms ==== === Further reading === trudny in silling.org