habeo

== Latin == === Alternative forms === abeō (nonstandard) === Etymology === From Proto-Italic *habēō or *haβēō; the latter, from earlier *haβējō, may be from *gʰeh₁bʰ-éh₁-ye-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ- (“to grab, to take”). Compare Old Irish gaibid (“takes, holds”), Polish gabać (“to accost, sue”). As such, it was long thought to be related to English give, though more recent research has placed this in doubt. Despite similarity in meaning and form, habeo is unrelated to English have, which is, rather, cognate with Latin capiō (“to take”). Oscan and Umbrian have cognate forms with -b-, which must reflect an original *-b-, because Proto-Italic *-β- (and therefore PIE *-bʰ-) becomes -f-, not -b-, in those languages. On the other hand, *b is a seldom-attested phoneme in PIE, whose status is still disputed. Thus, the exact origin of this word is not clear. Among the oldest attestations are the works of Plautus (circa 254 to 184 BC) and the Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus (186 BC). Umbrian cognate hab- is attested in the Iguvine Tablets (oldest tablets 3rd century BC). Oscan cognate haf- is attested in the Tabula Bantina (89 BC). When used as a future in Late Latin and subsequently Romance, the pronunciation evolved into /ˈaβjo/ > /ˈajo/. === Pronunciation === (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈha.be.oː] (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈaː.be.o] === Verb === habeō (present infinitive habēre, perfect active habuī, supine habitum); second conjugation to have, hold Synonyms: possideō, teneō to own, have (possessions) Cavē, catapultam habeō! ― Beware, I have a catapult! to possess, have (qualities) Synonyms: possideō, obtineō, teneō, capiō Annōs vīgintī habet. ― He is twenty years old. to retain, maintain (Can we add an example for this sense?) to conduct, preside over to regard, consider or account a person or thing as something in numerō habēre ― to rank to accept, bear, endure (Can we add an example for this sense?) (of feelings, problems) to affect, trouble (someone) (of a lover) to enjoy, have, possess (Late Latin, Medieval Latin, auxiliary verb for perfect tense) to have Nec in publico vestimenta lavare, nec berbices tondere habeant licitum ― They haven't allowed clothes to be washed in public, neither to shave sheep Illud sacramentum quod juratum habeo ― The oath that I have sworn (Late Latin, Medieval Latin, present with infinitive) to want; will, shall, should Feri eum adhuc, nam si non feriveris, ego te ferire habeo ― Hit him again, for if you don't, I shall hit you Currens affer illum ad me, ego enim eum habeo baptizare ― Bring him to me quickly, I will baptize him Ipse enim, quia ægrotat, habeo eum visitare ― He who is sick, I want to visit him (Late Latin, Medieval Latin, past imperfect with infinitive) would {{Q|la|Augustine|Sermōnēs|CCLIII|253|quote= Sanāre tē habēbat [[Deus per indulgentiam, sī fatērēris.}} (Late Latin, Medieval Latin) to have to; to be compelled Ā patriā Cathalōniae sē absentāre habuērunt, et in fugam sē cōnstituērunt, ne justitia dē ipsis fieret ― They had to leave from the land of Cathalonia, and decided to escape, so that justice would not be made of them (Medieval Latin, existential) there be Habet in Spīnogilō mānsum dominicātum cum casā et aliīs casticiīs sufficienter ― There is a lord's villa in Spinogilo with a house and other buildings ==== Usage notes ==== In Late Latin, as the classical synthetic future tense began to decline in speech from phonetic changes, one of the various periphrases thereof was to use the present inflections of habeo with the infinitive; originally this construction was strictly modal: Late 2nd century CE, Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae, Book 20, 10,2: Eventually it became the popular way to express the future tense in Romance: Early 5th century CE, Augustine, In Evangelium Ioannis Tractatus, I, 4,2: ==== Conjugation ==== 1At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").2The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested. ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Related terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== === References === === Further reading === "habeo", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887) “habeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press “habeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers “habeo”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette. Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎[1], London: Macmillan and Co. habeo in Ramminger, Johann (16 July 2016 (last accessed)), Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎[2], pre-publication website, 2005-2016