-us

== Translingual == === Etymology === Learned borrowing from Latin -us. === Suffix === -us m (taxonomy) Used to form taxonomic names. ==== Derived terms ==== == Ainu == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /us/, [ʔuʃ] === Suffix === -us (Kana spelling ウㇱ) -y, -ful, -ous, -ose (An adjective-forming suffix meaning ‘full of’ or ‘characterized by’ something; often conveys abundance or a plentiful amount of the base noun.) ‎kemuna (“hair, fur”) + ‎-us → ‎kemunaus (“hairy, fluffy”) ‎upas (“snow”) + ‎-us → ‎upasus (“snowy”) ‎turu (“filth, dirty”) + ‎-us → ‎turuus (“horrendous, disgusting”) Antonym: -po ==== Derived terms ==== == Cornish == === Etymology === From Middle Cornish -us, from Old Cornish -us, from Proto-Brythonic *-ʉs, from Latin -ōsus. Cognate with Breton and Welsh -us. === Suffix === -us Forms adjectives; -ous, -ful, -y, -ive etc. ‎peryl (“danger”) + ‎-us → ‎peryllus (“dangerous”) ‎liw (“colour”) + ‎-us → ‎liwus (“colourful”) ==== Derived terms ==== == Esperanto == === Etymology === The Esperanto suffixes -as, -is, -os, and -us are related and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects: This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928) In addition, the u of -us is likely to be related to -u. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /us/ Rhymes: -us Syllabification: -us === Suffix === -us Ending of the conditional in verbs. === Further reading === “-us”, in Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto [Complete Illustrated Dictionary of Esperanto], 2020, →ISBN “-us”, in Reta Vortaro [Online Dictionary] (in Esperanto), 1997-2026 == Estonian == === Etymology === A merger of Proto-Finnic *-us (in the first sense) and Proto-Finnic *-uc (in the second sense). Cognate with Finnish -us. === Suffix === -us (genitive -use, partitive -ust) Derives nouns from verbs. ‎armastama (“to love”) + ‎-us → ‎armastus (“love”) ‎võistlema (“to compete”) + ‎-us → ‎võistlus (“competition”) ‎joonistama (“to draw”) + ‎-us → ‎joonistus (“drawing”) Derives nouns from adjectives. ‎aus (“honest”) + ‎-us → ‎ausus (“honesty”) ‎pikk (“long”) + ‎-us → ‎pikkus (“length”) ==== Declension ==== ==== Derived terms ==== == Finnish == === Etymology 1 === From Proto-Finnic *-us, partly equivalent to -u +‎ -s, and partly generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem verbs (e.g. ihastua → ihastus, menestyä → menestys). Compare -os. ==== Suffix ==== -us (front vowel harmony variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us) Forms nouns from verbs, describing an action, event or a result of that action. ‎kuvata (“to describe”) + ‎-us → ‎kuvaus (“description”) ‎pakata (“to pack”) + ‎-us → ‎pakkaus (“package”) ‎ylentää (“to promote”) + ‎-us → ‎ylennys (“promotion”) ‎hälyttää (“to alarm”) + ‎-us → ‎hälytys (“alarm”) ===== Usage notes ===== With -ahtaa (momentane) verbs, the final -ht- may disappear entirely (through *-AhdUs > *-AhUs (regular loss in e.g. eastern dialects) > *-AUs). This has led to -AUs (-aus/-äys) becoming its own pseudo-suffix. Often both variants, one with -AhdUs and one with -AUs, exist in parallel. ===== Declension ===== ===== Alternative forms ===== -tus (used with the verb types rohkaista (66) and valita (69)) ===== Synonyms ===== -mus (used with the verb types sallia (61), and in some cases, sanoa (52) and muistaa (53)) ===== Derived terms ===== ==== References ==== === Etymology 2 === From Proto-Finnic *-us. Probably generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem nominals (e.g. etu- → edus, palvelu → palvelus), or through the loss of a plain u-derivative from the standard language (e.g. keski- → dial. kesku- → keskus), and thus identical to -us (etymology 1). In some cases potentially by confusion with -uus, -us (etymology 3). Alternatively from Proto-Uralic *-wikse. ==== Suffix ==== -us (front vowel harmony variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us) Forms nouns, indicating resemblance or association. ‎kanta (“base, heel”) + ‎-us → ‎kannus (“spur”) ‎sormi (“finger”) + ‎-us → ‎sormus (“ring”) ‎vasta- (“counter-”) + ‎-us → ‎vastus (“resistance, opposition”) ‎kehä (“circle, ring”) + ‎-us → ‎kehys (“frame”) ‎syli (“bosom, lap”) + ‎-us → ‎sylys (“armful”) ‎typerä (“stupid”) + ‎-us → ‎typerys (“fool”) ===== Declension ===== ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 3 === See the etymology of -uus. ==== Suffix ==== -us (front vowel harmony variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us) alternative form of -uus (used where the stem of the root adjective ends in a vowel) ===== Declension ===== ===== Derived terms ===== === Anagrams === su == Hungarian == === Etymology === From -u (diminutive suffix) +‎ -s (diminutive suffix). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): [uʃ] === Suffix === -us (diminutive suffix) Added to a proper noun or other nouns to create a diminutive noun. Teréz (“Theresa”) → Terus (“Tess”) apa (“father”) → apus (“dad”) cica (“cat”) → cicus (“kitty”) kutya (“dog”) → kutyus (“pooch, puppy”) A distinguishable foreign word ending in nouns. It cannot be considered as an independent Hungarian suffix. agronómus (“agronomist”) ==== Usage notes ==== (diminutive suffix): It creates diminutive or affectionate forms, most of the time of people’s given names, but also of common nouns, usually from ones ending in -a. Other examples: Anna → Annus, Magda → Magdus, Gyula → Gyulus. The -ka diminutive suffix can also be appended after -us to further increase the degree of endearment: apuska, cicuska, kutyuska, Annuska, Magduska. ==== Derived terms ==== === See also === -is Appendix:Hungarian suffixes === References === Attila Mártonfi: The System of the Hungarian Suffixes, Theses of PhD Dissertation, Budapest, 2006 == Ingrian == === Etymology 1 === From Proto-Finnic *-us. Cognates include Finnish -us. ==== Pronunciation ==== (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /-us/, [-uz̠] (Soikkola) IPA(key): /-us/, [-uʒ̥] ==== Suffix ==== -us (front vowel variant -ys) Forms nouns denoting resemblance. ‎pääl (“above”) + ‎-us → ‎päälys (“surface”) ===== Declension ===== ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 2 === See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form. ==== Pronunciation ==== (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /-us/, [-uz̠] (Soikkola) IPA(key): /-us/, [-uʒ̥] ==== Suffix ==== -us (front vowel variant -ys) alternative form of -uus ===== Declension ===== ===== Derived terms ===== === References === V. I. Junus (1936), Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎[3], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 57 == Latin == === Pronunciation === -us: (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ʊs] (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [us] -ūs: (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [uːs] (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [us] === Etymology 1 === From Old Latin -os, from Proto-Italic *-os, from Proto-Indo-European *-os (adjectival ending). Cognate with Ancient Greek -ος (-os), Proto-Germanic *-az, Icelandic -ur, Sanskrit -अः (-aḥ), Proto-Slavic *-ъ. ==== Suffix ==== -us m or f or n (genitive -ī); second declension usual nominative singular ending of second declension masculine nouns or adjectives (somewhat popular) used as a derivational suffix to form compound agent nouns ‎piscis (“fish”) + ‎capiō (“to grasp, catch”) + ‎-us → ‎piscicapus (“a fishcatcher, fisher”) ‎via (“road; way”) + ‎cūrō (“to take care”) + ‎-us → ‎viocūrus (“a road overseer”) (New Latin) used to Latinize names (generally male) that end in consonants ‎Kepler + ‎-us → ‎Keplerus (rare) usual nominative singular ending of second declension feminine nouns (very rare) nominative/accusative singular ending of a handful of second declension neuter nouns: vīrus (“a poisonous or acrid secretion”); vulgus (“common people”); pelagus (“sea”) ===== Usage notes ===== A number of second-declension nouns and adjectives end in -er rather than -us in the masculine nominative singular. All such words have stems that end in -er- or in a consonant + -r-, such as liber (stem libr-), alabaster (stem alabastr-), puer (stem puer-)). These words also omit the ending -e in the vocative singular. A few of these words, such as puer, have alternative nominative and vocative singular forms that end in -us and -e instead. A few exceptional words have a second-declension masculine nominative singular that ends in -r- preceded by a short vowel other than -e-, such as the noun vir and the adjective satur. These likewise form their vocative singular identically to the nominative singular (without adding -e). ===== Declension ===== ===== Derived terms ===== ==== Suffix ==== -us (feminine -a, neuter -um); first/second-declension suffix used to derive adjectives from other parts of speech suffixed to noun stems derives adjectives (often compound) with a sense like "having (noun)"; most productive in New Latin Synonym: -is Near-synonym: -ātus ‎bī- (“two”) + ‎hiems (“winter”) + ‎-us → ‎bīmus (“two-year-old”) ‎in- (privative prefix) + ‎animus (“soul, life”) + ‎-us → ‎inanimus (“lifeless, inanimate”) (rare) derives relational adjectives Synonyms: -icus; -eus, -īnus ‎Hibēr (“Iberian”, noun) + ‎-us → ‎Hibērus (“Iberian”, adjective) ‎Marōnēa (“the Thracian city of Maronea”) + ‎-us → ‎Marōnēus (“Maronean; of Maronea”) ‎vesper (“evening”) + ‎-us → ‎vesperus (“evening, of the evening”) ‎sūcinum (“amber”) + ‎-us → ‎sūcinus (“amber, of amber”) -ing: suffixed to verb stems, derives adjectives (often compound) with a sense like "doing/that does (verb)" Synonym: -uus ‎invideō (“to be jealous of, envy; to look askance at (someone)”) + ‎-us → ‎invidus (“envious; hostile”) ‎sonō (“to sound”) + ‎-us → ‎-sonus (“-sounding”) ‎dīcō (“to say”) + ‎-us → ‎-dicus (“-saying”) ===== Usage notes ===== See notes above regarding the masculine nominative singular. Adjectives in -us derived from verbs do not necessarily use the present stem: some use a distinct stem built on the verb's root, as in vēridicus (“truth-saying”) with different vowel length from dīcō because of ablaut, or saxifragus (“stone-breaking”), without the nasal infix of frangō. ===== Declension ===== First/second-declension adjective, with locative. ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 2 === Generally from Proto-Indo-European *-os (suffix forming neuter s-stem nouns from verbs), as in genus n from *ǵénh₁os n (“race”). Not a productive derivational suffix in historical Latin. (However, De Vaan cites pondus n and possibly vellus n as formations that may date to a prehistoric stage of the Latin language.) The plural and oblique case forms have -r- as the result of the sound change of rhotacism. Additionally, in many words, the oblique stem has the vowel -ĕ- (as in generis), which is generally taken to be the phonetically regular development of the Proto-Indo-European forms. Some words, such as decus, decoris, instead have -ŏ- in the oblique stem; this is the result of analogical introduction of the rounded vowel from the nominative/accusative singular form. ==== Suffix ==== -us n nominative/accusative/vocative singular ending of some neuter nouns in the third declension ===== Usage notes ===== Most, but not all third-declension nouns that end in -us in the nominative singular are neuter. Exceptions include feminine Venus (“the goddess Venus”) and masculine lepus (“hare”). Venus, Veneris is feminine due to being used as the proper name of a female animate being, despite originally ending in the neuter noun-forming suffix (compare the cognate Sanskrit वनस् n (vánas, “loveliness, desire”)). The masculine noun lepus, leporis (“hare”) is of unknown etymology; as a rule, Latin animal names are almost never neuter. ===== Declension ===== ===== Descendants ===== From the plural -ora: Romanian: -uri (final vowel replaced due to analogy with feminine plural forms) Sicilian: -ura, -ira, -ara === Etymology 3 === Not a single suffix, but an ending of various miscellaneous origins. In most fourth-declension words, the final -us evolved from Old Latin -us, from Proto-Italic *-us, from Proto-Indo-European *-us as the final part of Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots). ==== Suffix ==== -us m or f nominative/vocative singular ending of non-neuter nouns in the fourth declension ===== Declension ===== ==== Suffix ==== -ūs genitive singular ending of nouns in the fourth declension nominative/vocative plural ending of non-neuter nouns in the fourth declension accusative plural ending of non-neuter nouns in the fourth declension ==== See also ==== -tus === Etymology 4 === From Proto-Indo-European *-os, a genitive singular ending for athematic nouns (an o-grade alternative to e-grade *-es, which developed to the usual Latin third-declension genitive singular ending -is). ==== Suffix ==== -us (rare) alternative genitive singular ending for nouns of the third declension ===== Usage notes ===== A relic form attested exclusively in inscriptions that are dated up through first-century AD graffiti in Pompeii. Its sparse attestations are not restricted to official texts: some examples are found in less elevated documents such as graffiti and pottery inscriptions. This suggests the ending may have initially survived to some extent in dialectal use. However, it may have been used as a stylistic archaism in legal contexts after it became obsolete in general. A genitive singular ending derived from *-os seems to have occurred in Faliscan as well as sporadically in Latin. === References === “-us” on page 2,108/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82) == Lithuanian == === Etymology 1 === Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-ós (“adjectival ending”). Pairs such as lañkas (“bend”) : lankùs (“flexible”) find parallels in Sanskrit रुधिर (rúdhira-, “blood”) : रुधिर (rudhirá-, “red”), Ancient Greek δόλιχος (dólikhos, “a long run”) : δολιχός (dolikhós, “long”) and suggest that oxytone stress was used to mark adjectives in Proto-Indo-European. In Proto-Balto-Slavic, the raising of *o to *u must have been conditioned by stress, with the ending *-os giving Lithuanian -ùs under stress and -as otherwise. ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /ʊs/ ==== Suffix ==== -ùs m stress pattern 4 Adjectival suffix, applied to verbal and nominal roots to denote a disposal or tendency towards something ardýti (“take apart”) → ardùs (“crumbly”) kalbėti (“talk”) → kalbùs (“talkative”) ===== Declension ===== ===== Derived terms ===== -usis === Etymology 2 === From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-us, reflecting Proto-Indo-European u-stems. ==== Alternative forms ==== -ius ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /ʊs/ ==== Suffix ==== -us, -ùs m Masculine nominal singular ending for u-stem nouns and adjectives. alùs (“beer”) (< Proto-Indo-European *h₂elu-) sūnùs (“son”) (< Proto-Indo-European *suHnús) ===== Declension ===== (noun): (adjective): === Etymology 3 === From an older *-uos (compare the pronominal ending -uosius). From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ons; compare Latvian -us, Old Prussian -ans, Proto-Slavic *-y. From Proto-Indo-European *-ons (“accusative plural ending”), also reflected in Ancient Greek -ους (-ous), Latin -ōs, Sanskrit -आन् (-ān) and Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐍃 (-ans). ==== Alternative forms ==== -ius -uos, -iuos ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /ʊs/ ==== Suffix ==== -us, -ùs Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a- and u-stem nouns. Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a-stem adjectives. ===== Derived terms ===== -uosius === Etymology 4 === From Proto-Indo-European *-wṓs. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *-vъ. See also -usi. ==== Alternative forms ==== -ius ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /ʊs/ ==== Suffix ==== -us Used to form the past adverbial (padalyvis) participle bū́ti (“to be”) → bùvo (“was”) → bùvus (“having been”) slė̃pti (“hide”) → past frequentative slė̃pdavo (“hid”) → slė̃pdavus (“having hidden”) ===== Related terms ===== -ęs === References === == Livvi == === Etymology === From Proto-Finnic *-us. Cognates include Finnish -us and Estonian -us. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /-us/ === Suffix === -us (front vowel variant -ys) Used to form action nouns from verbs; -ion ==== Derived terms ==== == Middle English == === Etymology 1 === ==== Suffix ==== -us alternative form of -ous === Etymology 2 === ==== Suffix ==== -us (West Midland) alternative form of -es. ==== References ==== == Middle Welsh == === Etymology === From Proto-Brythonic *-ʉs, from Latin -ōsus. Cognate with Cornish -us. === Suffix === -us -ous, full of, prone to; used to form adjectives from nouns ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== Welsh: -us === References === == Northern Sami == === Etymology === From Proto-Samic *-ōksë. === Pronunciation === === Suffix === -us Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that is to have the verb's action performed on it. ‎vuošˈšat (“to cook”) + ‎-us → ‎vuoššus (“something to be cooked”) ‎muitalit (“to tell”) + ‎-us → ‎muitalus (“something to be told; story”) Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that results from having the verb's action performed. ‎juohkit (“to divide”) + ‎-us → ‎juogus (“division, section”) ==== Usage notes ==== This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable in the nominative singular and essive, and the strong grade in the other forms. When attached to even-syllable stems, there is diphthong simplification in all forms except the nominative singular and essive. ==== Inflection ==== For even-syllable stems: For odd-syllable stems: ==== Derived terms ==== == Old French == === Alternative forms === -eus, -eux, -os, -ous === Etymology === From Latin -ōsus. === Suffix === -us -ous, used for forming adjectives ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== Middle French: -eux, -eulxFrench: -eux, -ueux→ Danish: -øs→ Dutch: -eus→ German: -ös→ Norwegian: -øs→ Swedish: -ös Norman: -eux → Middle English: -ous, -os, -ose, -ouse, -ows, -owse, -us, -ws, -ious, -uous (in some terms), -vous (in terms ending in /ˈeː/)English: -ous == Old Irish == === Etymology 1 === From Proto-Celtic *-es-tus. ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /us/ ==== Suffix ==== -us alternative form of -as === Etymology 2 === (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) ==== Suffix ==== -us (suffixed pronoun) her (object pronoun), it (in reference to a feminine noun) them ===== Derived terms ===== ===== See also ===== == Polish == === Etymology === (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Masurized form of -usz or back formation of -uch?”) === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /us/ Rhymes: -us Syllabification: -us === Suffix === -us derogatory suffix ‎sługa + ‎-us → ‎sługus demonym suffix ‎Kraków + ‎-us → ‎krakus ==== Derived terms ==== === Further reading === “-us”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎[4] (in Polish) == Welsh == === Etymology === From Middle Welsh -us, from Proto-Brythonic *-ʉs, from Latin -ōsus. Cognate with Cornish -us, Breton -us and English -ous. === Pronunciation === (North Wales) IPA(key): /ɨ̞s/ (South Wales) IPA(key): /ɪs/ === Suffix === -us adjectival suffix often indicating a characteristic, propensity or abundance ‎blas (“taste”) + ‎-us → ‎blasus (“tasty”) ‎gwybod (“to know”) + ‎-us → ‎gwybodus (“knowledgeable”) ‎anffawd (“misfortune”) + ‎-us → ‎anffodus (“unfortunate”) (chemistry) -ous, Used in chemical nomenclature to name chemical compounds in which a specified chemical element has a lower oxidation number than in the equivalent compound whose name ends in the suffix -ig. For example asid nitrus (“nitrous acid, HNO2”) has fewer oxygen atoms per molecule than asid nitrig (“nitric acid, HNO3”). ==== Derived terms ==== === References === === Further reading === R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “-us”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies