nyonya

== Indonesian == === Etymology === Inherited from Malay nyonya. See aforementioned entry for more info. Possibly also a semantic loan from Javanese nyonyah. Compare Macanese nhonha. Displaced native Malay puan. === Pronunciation === (Standard Indonesian) IPA(key): /ˈɲoɲa/ [ˈɲo.ɲa] Rhymes: -oɲa Syllabification: nyo‧nya === Noun === nyonya madam wife Synonym: istri ==== Derived terms ==== ==== See also ==== nona === Further reading === “nyonya”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016 == Malay == === Alternative forms === nyonyah nonya === Etymology === Possibly from either or both: Hokkien 娘仔 (*niô͘-niá, “young lady”) with an older obsolete form of the diminutive suffix 仔 (á) as a weak form of 囝 (kiáⁿ) with the initial undergoing nasal assimilation from the previous syllable, because Hokkien syllables that start with nasal initials (e.g. /n-/, /ŋ-/, /m-/) tend to also allophonically have a nasalized rime or not, which for 娘 (niô͘, IPA: /niɔ̃/), it is indeed recorded to be nasalized even during the early 1600s, coinciding with the time of Portuguese Malacca. Semantic loan from Portuguese dona (“noble lady; proprietress; housekeeper; governess; housewife”). See also nona, nonya. Compare Macanese nhonha. See also modern Hokkien 娘娘 (niô͘-niô͘, “lady”), 娘仔 (niô͘-á, “young lady”), 娘惹 (nō͘-niâ / niû-nia / niô͘-nia, “female peranakan”), Spanish doña (“lady”). === Pronunciation === (Literary Standard, Southern Peninsular Malaysia Standard) IPA(key): /ˈɲoɲa/ [ˈɲo.ɲa] Rhymes: -oɲa, -a (Southern Peninsular Malaysia Standard) IPA(key): /ˈɲoɲə/ [ˈɲo.ɲə] (Can we verify(+) this pronunciation?) Rhymes: -oɲə, -ɲə, -ə Hyphenation: nyo‧nya === Noun === nyonya (Jawi spelling ڽوڽا, plural nyonya-nyonya or nyonya2) A Nyonya; a female Peranakan. (Java) A married Chinese or European lady of some position; madam (British Malaya) A married colonial Straits-born Chinese or Eurasian or Portuguese lady (as opposed to immigrant Chinese or European women) ==== Descendants ==== > Indonesian: nyonya (inherited) → English: Nyonya →? Macanese: nhonha → Hokkien: 娘惹 (nō͘-niâ / niû-nia / niô͘-nia) ==== See also ==== baba nona === References === === Further reading === "nyonya" in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) [Malay Literary Reference Centre (PRPM)] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017 Wilkinson, Richard James (1901), “ڽوڽه nyonyah”, in A Malay-English dictionary, Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh limited, page 700 Wilkinson, Richard James (1932), “nyonya”, in A Malay-English dictionary (romanised), volume II, Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis, page 182 Dalgado, Sebastião Rodolfo (1936), Xavier, Anthony, transl., Portuguese Vocables in Asiatic Languages‎[5], Baroda: Oriental Institute, pages 136-8 == Swahili == === Pronunciation === === Verb === -nyonya (infinitive kunyonya) to suck (to work the lips and tongue on) to breastfeed to exploit someone ==== Conjugation ==== ==== Derived terms ==== Verbal derivations: Applicative: -nyonyea Causative: -nyonyesha Passive: -nyonywa Reciprocal: -nyonyana Stative: -nyonyeka Nominal derivations: mnyonyaji (“exploiter, profiteer”) nyonyo (“breast”) unyonyaji (“exploitation”)