merdeka

== Indonesian == === Etymology === From Malay merdeka, from Classical Malay مرديكا (mĕrdeka), from Sanskrit महर्द्धिक (maharddhika, “prosperous”). Cognate of Javanese ꦩꦂꦢꦶꦏ (mardika), Buginese ᨆᨑᨙᨉᨀ (maradeka), Tagalog maharlika. Doublet of mahardika. === Pronunciation === (Standard Indonesian) IPA(key): /mərˈdeka/ [mərˈde.ka] Rhymes: -eka Syllabification: mer‧de‧ka === Adjective === mêrdéka (comparative lebih merdeka, superlative paling merdeka) free from oppression (e.g. slavery) (politics) free from colonialism, annexation, military occupation, etc.; liberated; independent Indonesia sudah dinyatakan merdeka sejak 17 Agustus 1945. ― Indonesia has been declared to be independent since 17 August 1945. (rare) free from an obligation, especially a prison sentence (rare) self-sufficient; independent; not dependent on others ==== Derived terms ==== === See also === mandiri (“self-sufficient”) === Further reading === “merdeka”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016 == Malay == === Alternative forms === merdeheka === Etymology === Elision of merdeheka from Sanskrit महर्द्धिक (maharddhika, “prosperous”), first attested in the Kota Kapur inscription, 686 CE, as Old Malay [script needed] (maharddhika), Cognate of Buginese ᨆᨑᨙᨉᨀ, Tagalog maharlika. === Pronunciation === (Literary Standard) IPA(key): [mə(r).de.ka] Rhymes: -ka, -a (Southern Peninsular Malaysia Standard) IPA(key): [mə(r).de.kə] Note: This "Johor-Riau" pronunciation does not occur in the modern Malaysian variety of Johor-Riau Malay anymore probably due to the influence of Tunku Abdul Rahman's historic "merdeka" chant with his Kedah Malay accent which did not go through the historical "final-[a] > [ə]" change that occurred in Johor-Riau Malay. Rhymes: -kə, -ə Hyphenation: mer‧de‧ka === Adjective === merdeka (Jawi spelling مرديک, comparative lebih merdeka, superlative paling merdeka) Not imprisoned or enslaved; free. Synonym: bebas / بيبس Antonym: terkurung / ترکوروڠ Independent: (of a polity) Not ruled by others. Not dependent on other people; self-reliant. ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== Indonesian: mêrdèka → Dutch: mardijker → English: Merdeka === References === Edi Sedyawati; Ellya Iswati; Kusparyati Boedhijono; Dyah Widjajanti D. (1994), Kosakata Bahasa Sanskerta dalam Bahasa Melayu Masa Kini, Jakarta, Indonesia: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia, →ISBN, page 251 Wilkinson, Richard James (1932), “mĕrdĕheka”, in A Malay-English dictionary (romanised), volume II, Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis, page 134 === Further reading === "merdeka" in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) [Malay Literary Reference Centre (PRPM)] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017 “merdeka”, in Kamus Dewan [The Institute Dictionary] (in Malay), Fourth edition, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2005, →ISBN