kala

== Albanian == === Etymology === Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قلعه (kale), from Classical Persian قلعه (qal'a), from Arabic قَلْعَة (qalʕa). === Pronunciation === (Tosk) IPA(key): /kaˈla/ Rhymes: -la Hyphenation: ka‧lá === Noun === kalá f (plural kala, definite kalaja, definite plural kalatë) castle, fortress Synonym: kështjellë fortification Synonym: fortifikatë (figurative) ardent defender (figurative) hurdle, obstacle: something difficult to be overcome only by great effort u bë kala ― it became difficult (chess) rook Synonym: torrë ==== Declension ==== === Further reading === “kala”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006 FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎[2], 1980 Mann, S. E. (1948), “kalá”, in An Historical Albanian–English Dictionary, London: Longmans, Green & Co., page 175 == Atong (India) == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /kala/ === Noun === kala (Bengali script কালা) deaf person === References === van Breugel, Seino. 2015. Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary. == Balinese == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /kalə/ Hyphenation: ka‧la === Etymology 1 === Borrowed from Old Javanese kāla (“time”), from Sanskrit काल (kāla) ==== Noun ==== kala (Balinese script ᬓᬮ) (medya) time solar eclipse seventh day of the eight-day week === Etymology 2 === From Sanskrit काल (kāla). ==== Noun ==== kala (Balinese script ᬓᬵᬮ) (Hinduism) demon Kala === Etymology 3 === Borrowed from Old Javanese kala, kalā (“snare”). ==== Noun ==== kala (Balinese script ᬓᬮᬵ) snare === Further reading === “kala”, in Balinese–Indonesian Dictionary [Kamus Bahasa Bali–Indonesia] (in Balinese), Denpasar, Indonesia: The Linguistic Center of Bali Province [Balai Bahasa Provinsi Bali]. == Chamicuro == === Noun === kala nothing === Adverb === kala no, not == Cornish == === Alternative forms === kalav === Etymology === From either Proto-Celtic *kolmēnā or Latin culmus, both ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱolh₂mos. Cognate with Breton kolo. === Noun === kala (collective, singulative kalaven f) straw Synonym: gwel kala ==== Derived terms ==== === Mutation === == Estonian == === Etymology === From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala. === Noun === kala (genitive kala, partitive kala) fish ==== Declension ==== ==== Derived terms ==== kalastama kalamari kalur == Finnish == === Etymology === From Proto-Finnic *kala (compare Estonian kala), from Proto-Uralic *kala (compare Northern Sami guolli, Erzya кал (kal), Eastern Mari кол (kol), Hungarian hal, Tundra Nenets халя (xalya)). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/, [ˈkɑ̝lɑ̝] Rhymes: -ɑlɑ Syllabification(key): ka‧la Hyphenation(key): ka‧la === Noun === kala fish (aquatic animal) fish (meat of the aforementioned aquatic animals) (idiomatic, in locational cases and expressions) fishing (as a personal activity, used with the verbs olla (“to be”) and mennä (“to go”), lähteä (“to leave”), and käydä (“to go and come back”)) olla kalassa ― to be fishing käydä kalassa ― to go fishing (and come back) mennä kalaan ― to go fishing lähteä kalaan ― to (leave and) go fishing lähteä kalalle ― to (leave and) go fishing (in compounds) seafood ==== Usage notes ==== (fish, aquatic animals): Quite often used in the singular in a collective sense, as can be seen in one of the usage examples. ==== Declension ==== ==== Derived terms ==== === References === === Further reading === “kala”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎[3] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2 July 2023 == Fula == === Etymology === From Arabic كُلَّ (kulla). === Pronoun === kala each, every, all ==== See also ==== denndaangal kalamaa kalamanni mo kala === References === Oumar Bah, Dictionnaire Pular-Français, Avec un index français-pular, Webonary.org, SIL International, 2014. == Gullah == === Alternative forms === 'kala, kaluh === Etymology === From Vai kala. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /kɑ.lɑ/, /kɑ.lə/ === Noun === kala (cooking) rice also see: kafa === References === Lorenzo Dow Turner, Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect (1969) == Gurindji == === Noun === kala thigh === References === Gurindji language words from the 50 words project from the Research Unit for Indigenous Language at the University of Melbourne. Retrieved 7 November 2024. == Hawaiian == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈka.la/, [ˈkɐ.lə] === Etymology 1 === From Proto-Polynesian *tala (“spine, prong”) – compare with Māori tara (“thorn, spike, tine, tooth”), Tahitian tara (“horn, spur, sting”), Tongan tala and Samoan tala. (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) ==== Noun ==== kala (obsolete) horn, spike, thorn Synonyms: kākala, hao, kiwi sharkskin surgeonfish ===== Derived terms ===== kākala hoʻokala (causative) kalakala (reduplicated form) === Etymology 2 === From Proto-Polynesian *tala (“narrate”). Cognate with Māori tara (“gossip”), Samoan tala (“tell”). ==== Verb ==== kala (transitive) to proclaim, to announce ==== Noun ==== kala announcement, proclamation town crier === Etymology 3 === From Proto-Polynesian *tala (“untie, undo”). Cognate with Māori tara (“loosen”), Samoan tala (“unfold, undo”). ==== Verb ==== kala(transitive) to untie, to undo, to loosen to free, to let go, to release to absolve, to forgive ===== Derived terms ===== hoʻokala (causative) kala ʻana (“forgiveness”) kalana (“release”) === References === == Iban == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): [kalaʔ] Hyphenation: ka‧la Rhymes: -laʔ === Adverb === kala Semelfactive or non-iterative aspect i. e. the action or situation has happened once or more but did not repeat itself == Icelandic == === Etymology === From Old Norse kala. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈkʰaːla/ Rhymes: -aːla === Verb === kala (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative kól, third-person plural past indicative kólu, supine kalið) (impersonal) to become frostbitten ==== Conjugation ==== ==== Related terms ==== kal == Indonesian == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈkala/ Hyphenation: ka‧la Rhymes: -la, -a === Etymology 1 === From Malay kala, from Classical Malay kala, from Sanskrit काल (kāla, “time”) or Sanskrit कला (kalā, “a division of time”). Doublet of kali. Semantic loan from Dutch tijd (“tense”, literally “time”). ==== Noun ==== kala (plural kala-kala) time Synonyms: masa, waktu when: during the time that Synonyms: ketika, saat (geology) epoch: a geochronologic unit of hundreds of thousands to millions of years; a subdivision of a period, and subdivided into ages (or sometimes subepochs) Synonym: epok (Malay) tense; (grammar) any of the forms of a verb which distinguish when an action or state of being occurs or exists (linguistics, grammar, countable) an inflected form of a verb that indicates tense ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 2 === From Malay kala, from Javanese ꦏꦭ (kala, “stinging animal, scorpion”), from Sanskrit कालक (kālaka, “scorpion”). ==== Noun ==== kala (plural kala-kala) (Can we verify(+) this sense?) any member of scorpiones order (obsolete) scorpion Synonym: kalajengking ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 3 === From Malay kala, from Classical Malay kala, from Persian کالا (kâlâ, “silk clothes”). ==== Noun ==== kala (plural kala-kala) (obsolete) silk Synonym: sutra === Etymology 4 === From Malay kala, from Classical Malay kala, from Javanese ꦏꦭ (kala, “bird noose, snare”), from Old Javanese kalā. ==== Noun ==== kala (plural kala-kala) (obsolete) snare Synonym: jerat === Etymology 5 === From Malay kala, from Arabic قَضَاء (qaḍāʔ). Doublet of qada. ==== Noun ==== kala (plural kala-kala) (obsolete) synonym of qada ===== Derived terms ===== kala hajat === Etymology 6 === From Rote ==== Verb ==== kala to hit something with the shoulder === Etymology 7 === Borrowed from Javanese kala (“giant; evil, demon”), from Old Javanese kala, possibly borrowed from Sanskrit खल (khala, “mischievous man”). ==== Noun ==== kala (plural kala-kala) (architecture, archaeology) giant relief with bulging eyes and long fangs in the form of a scary-looking head, usually placed above the door of a house and believed to contain magical powers to protect the building, usually used above temple doors or in front of ancient buildings, believed to ward off evil influences Synonym: simhamuka === Etymology 8 === Borrowed from Berau Malay [Term?]. ==== Verb ==== kala to be under the hot sun without protection === Further reading === “kala”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016 == Ingrian == === Etymology === From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala. Cognates include Finnish kala and Estonian kala. === Pronunciation === (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/, [ˈkɑɫɑˑ] (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/, [ˈkɑɫɑˑ] Rhymes: -ɑlɑ Hyphenation: ka‧la === Noun === kala fish ==== Declension ==== ==== Hypernyms ==== elokas (“animal”) ==== Coordinate terms ==== zveeri (“animal”), lintu (“bird”) ==== Derived terms ==== === References === Fedor Tumansky (1790), “кала”, in Опытъ повѣствованїя о дѣянїях, положенїи, состоянїи и раздѣленїи Санкт-Петербургской губернїи [An experiment of an account of the acts, location, condition and division of the Saint Petersburg gubernia], Краткїй словарь ижерскаго, финскаго, эстонскаго, чюдскаго, и ямскаго нарѣчїя съ россїйскимъ переводомъ [A short dictionary of the Ingrian, Finnish, Estonian, Chud and Yamtian dialects with a Russian translation], page 683 Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 126 Olga I. Konkova; Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014), Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎[4], →ISBN, page 82 == Javanese == === Romanization === kala romanization of ꦏꦭ == Karelian == === Etymology === From Proto-Finnic *kala. Cognates include Finnish kala and Estonian kala. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/ Hyphenation: ka‧la === Noun === kala (genitive kalan, partitive kalua) fish ==== Declension ==== ==== Derived terms ==== === References === A. V. Punzhina (1994), “kala”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN P. M. Zaykov et al. (2015), “рыба”, in Venäjä-Viena Šanakirja [Russian-Viena Karelian Dictionary], →ISBN == Latvian == === Verb === kala third-person singular/plural past indicative of kalt == Lingala == === Etymology === Borrowed from Swahili kale. === Adjective === kala old ancient == Livvi == === Etymology === From Proto-Finnic *kala. Cognates include Finnish kala and Estonian kala. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/ Hyphenation: ka‧la === Noun === kala (genitive kalan, partitive kalua) fish ==== Declension ==== === References === N. Gilojeva; S. Rudakova (2009), Karjalan kielen Livvin murdehen algukursu [Beginners' course of Karelian language's Livvi dialect]‎[5] (in Livvi), Petrozavodsk, →ISBN, page 3 Tatjana Boiko (2019), Suuri Karjal-Venʹalaine Sanakniigu (livvin murreh) [The Big Karelian-Russian dictionary (Livvi dialect)], 2nd edition, →ISBN, page 92 == Ludian == === Etymology === From Proto-Finnic *kala. === Noun === kala fish == Malay == === Pronunciation === (Johor-Selangor) IPA(key): /kalə/ (Riau-Lingga) IPA(key): /kala/ Rhymes: -alə, -lə, -ə === Etymology 1 === From Sanskrit काल (kāla, “time”). ==== Noun ==== kala (Jawi spelling کالا, plural kala-kala or kala2) time (inevitable passing of events) time (quantity of availability in time) time (time of day, as indicated by a clock, etc) time (particular moment or hour) time (measurement under some system of the time of day or moment in time) time (numerical indication of a particular moment in time) ===== Synonyms ===== masa / ماس waktu / وقتو === Etymology 2 === From Javanese kala (“stinging animal”). ==== Noun ==== kala (Jawi spelling کالا, plural kala-kala or kala2) scorpion == Ngadjunmaya == === Noun === kala fire firewood === References === Suzanne M. Prober, Emma Yuen, Michael H. O'Connor, Les Schultz, Ngadju kala: Ngadju fire knowledge and contemporary fire management in the Great Western Woodlands, Wembley, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Coolgardie, Ngadju Conservation. Carl Georg von Brandenstein, 1980, Ngadjumaja: An Aboriginal Language of South-East Western Australia, Innsbruck, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck. == Northern Sotho == === Noun === kala branch (of a tree) == Old Javanese == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ka.la/ Rhymes: -la Homophones: kalā, kāla Hyphenation: ka‧la === Etymology 1 === Borrowed from Sanskrit काला (kālā, “black; dark”). ==== Noun ==== kala wicked, evil, base, false ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Descendants ===== Javanese: ꦏꦭ (kala, “evil; demon”) === Etymology 2 === From Sanskrit शङ्ख (śaṅkha, “trumpet, horn”, literally “shell, conch-shell”) +‎ काल (kāla, “time, hour”). ==== Noun ==== kala trumpet === Etymology 3 === From Sanskrit कालक (kālaka, “scorpion”). ==== Noun ==== kala scorpion ===== Descendants ===== Javanese: ꦏꦭ (kala, “stinging animal”) → Indonesian: kala (“stinging animal”) === Etymology 4 === ==== Noun ==== kala alternative spelling of kalā (“noose, snare”) == Old Norse == === Etymology === From Proto-Germanic *kalaną, whence also Old English calan. Ultimately from an o-grade present of Proto-Indo-European *gel-. === Verb === kala (impersonal) to cause to freeze [with accusative ‘someone’] (idiomatically translated as "freeze" with the accusative object as the subject) mik kell ― I freeze; I become frost-bitten ==== Conjugation ==== ==== Descendants ==== Icelandic: kala Norwegian Nynorsk: kala, (past participle) kalen Swedish: kala (dialectal) === Further reading === Zoëga, Geir T. (1910), “kala”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive == Polish == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈka.la/ Rhymes: -ala Syllabification: ka‧la === Verb === kala third-person singular present of kalać == Sakizaya == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ka.ˈla/, [ka.ˈla] === Noun === kala prey; game == Salar == === Etymology === Borrowed from Chinese 筐蓝. === Pronunciation === (Xunhua, Qinghai; Ili, Xinjiang) IPA(key): /kʰɑlɑ/ === Noun === kala (3rd person possessive kalası, plural kalalar) basket ==== Related terms ==== çeden (“backpack basket”) === References === 林莲云 [Lin Lianyun] (1992), “kala”, in 撒拉汉汉撒拉词汇 [Salar-Chinese, Chinese-Salar Vocabulary], 成都 [Chéngdū]: 四川民族出版社, →ISBN, page 172 Yakup, Abdurishid (2002), “kala”, in An Ili Salar Vocabulary: Introduction and a Provisional Salar-English Lexicon‎[6], Tokyo: University of Tokyo, →ISBN, page 133 == Serbo-Croatian == === Noun === kala (Cyrillic spelling кала) genitive singular of kal == Sumerian == === Romanization === kala romanization of 𒆗 (kala) == Swedish == === Adjective === kala inflection of kal: definite singular plural == Tok Pisin == === Etymology === From English color. === Noun === kala color == Veps == === Etymology === From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala. === Noun === kala fish ==== Inflection ==== ==== Derived terms ==== kalankazvatai kalankazvatuz kalansuug === References === Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “рыба”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎[7], Petrozavodsk: Periodika == Võro == === Etymology === From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /kɑlɑ/ === Noun === kala (genitive kala, partitive kalla) fish ==== Inflection ==== == Votic == === Etymology === From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala. === Pronunciation === (Luutsa, Liivčülä) IPA(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/, [ˈkɑɫɑ] (Jõgõperä) IPA(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/, [ˈkɑɫɑ] (Central Votic) IPA(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/, [ˈkɑɫɑ] (Eastern Votic) IPA(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/, [ˈkɑɫɑ] Rhymes: -ɑlɑ Hyphenation: ka‧la === Noun === kala fish ==== Inflection ==== === References === Hallap, V.; Adler, E.; Grünberg, S.; Leppik, M. (2012), “kala”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language]‎[8], 2nd edition, Tallinn == Zacatepec Chatino == === Adjective === kala born (to be) === Verb === kala to join, to unite == Zigula == === Verb === kala to hunt ==== Descendants ==== Mbugu: kala === References === Maarten Mous, The Making of a Mixed Language: The Case of Ma'a/Mbugu == Zulu == === Verb === -kála to weigh ==== Inflection ==== === References === C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “kala”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “kala (3.9)”