helm

== English == === Pronunciation === (Received Pronunciation, General American) enPR: hĕlm, IPA(key): /hɛlm/ Rhymes: -ɛlm === Etymology 1 === The noun is derived from Middle English helm, helme (“tiller of a ship”), from Old English helma (“helm, tiller”), from Proto-Germanic *helmô (“handle; helm, tiller”), either from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover”) or from the same source as haulm and helm (“bentgrass, straw”) (see below), Proto-Indo-European *ḱélh₂-m(on)- (“reed, hollow stalk”), one form of which then developed a specialized meaning “handle” in Germanic. The verb is derived from the noun. ==== Noun ==== helm (plural helms) (nautical) The tiller (or, in a large ship, the wheel) which is used to control the rudder of a marine vessel; also, the entire steering apparatus of a vessel. (by extension) (nautical) The use of a helm (sense 1); also, the amount of space through which a helm is turned. (nautical) The member of a vessel's crew in charge of steering the vessel; a helmsman or helmswoman. Synonym: (rare) helmsperson Something used to control or steer; also (obsolete), a handle of a tool or weapon; a haft, a helve. (figuratively) A position of control or leadership. One in the position of controlling or directing; a controller, a director, a guide. ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Translations ===== ==== Verb ==== helm (third-person singular simple present helms, present participle helming, simple past and past participle helmed) (transitive) (nautical) To control the helm (noun sense 1) of (a marine vessel); to be in charge of steering (a vessel). (figuratively) To direct or lead (a project, etc.); to manage (an organization). ===== Conjugation ===== ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Translations ===== === Etymology 2 === From Middle English helm (“helmet; crown of thorns of Jesus; warrior; inn or shop sign”) [and other forms], from Old English helm (“helmet”), from Proto-West Germanic *helm, from Proto-Germanic *helmaz (“protective covering”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelmos, from the root *ḱel- (“to cover”). Doublet of heaume and related to helmet. ==== Noun ==== helm (plural helms) (archaic or poetic) A helmet. (Can we verify(+) this sense?) (heraldry) Synonym of helmet (“the feature above a shield on a coat of arms”). (by extension) (Northern England) A shelter for cattle or other farm animals; a hemmel, a shed. (Northern England (Cumberland, Westmorland)) A heavy cloud lying on the brow of a mountain, especially one associated with a storm. (obsolete) (except British, dialectal) The crown or top of something. (alchemy, chemistry) The upper part or cap of an alembic or retort. ===== Derived terms ===== behelm helmed (adjective) ===== Translations ===== === Etymology 3 === From Middle English helmen, helmi (“to provide with a helmet; (figuratively) to cover; to protect”), from Old English helmian (“to cover”), ġehelmian (“to cover with a helmet; to crown”), from (ġe- (prefix with an intensifying effect, or forming nouns or verbs denoting processes or results) +) helm (“helmet”) (see further at etymology 2) + -ian (suffix forming verbs from adjectives and nouns). ==== Verb ==== helm (third-person singular simple present helms, present participle helming, simple past and past participle helmed) (transitive, archaic or poetic) To cover (a head) with a helmet; to provide (someone) with a helmet; to helmet. Synonym: behelm ===== Translations ===== === Etymology 4 === The noun is possibly: a variant of haulm; or from its etymon Middle English halm, helm, Early Middle English healm (“straw, stubble; stalk (?); handle of a tool or weapon”) [and other forms], from Old English healm (“stalk of a grass or plant; hay, straw, stubble”) or an unattested variant *helm, from Proto-Germanic *helmaz (see Proto-West Germanic *helm) or *halmaz (“stalk of a grass or plant; hay, straw”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₂- (“to prick, stab, stick”). The verb is either derived from the noun, or is possibly a variant of yelm. ==== Noun ==== helm (countable and uncountable, plural helms) (countable) A stalk of corn, or (uncountable) stalks of corn collectively (that is, straw), especially when bundled together or laid out straight to be used for thatching roofs. Synonyms: (bundle of straw for thatching) thatch, yelm (uncountable) Alternative form of haulm (“the stems of various cultivated plants, left after harvesting the crop, which are used as animal food or litter, or for thatching”). (uncountable, obsolete) Synonym of bentgrass (“any of numerous reedy grass species of the genus Agrostis”) ===== Translations ===== ==== Verb ==== helm (third-person singular simple present helms, present participle helming, simple past and past participle helmed) (transitive) To lay out (stalks of corn, or straw) straight to be used for thatching roofs; to yelm. ===== Translations ===== === References === === Further reading === “helm”, in OneLook Dictionary Search. helmet on Wikipedia.Wikipedia helmsman on Wikipedia.Wikipedia ship's wheel on Wikipedia.Wikipedia tiller on Wikipedia.Wikipedia helm (disambiguation) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia Joseph Wright, editor (1902), “HELM, sb.1”, in The English Dialect Dictionary: […], volume III (H–L), London: Henry Frowde, […], publisher to the English Dialect Society, […]; New York, N.Y.: G[eorge] P[almer] Putnam’s Sons, →OCLC, page 136, column 2. Joseph Wright, editor (1902), “HELM, sb.2”, in The English Dialect Dictionary: […], volume III (H–L), London: Henry Frowde, […], publisher to the English Dialect Society, […]; New York, N.Y.: G[eorge] P[almer] Putnam’s Sons, →OCLC, page 137, column 1. == Afrikaans == === Etymology === From Dutch helm. === Noun === helm (plural helms) helmet == Albanian == === Etymology === Uncertain, possibly a formation in -më. Several hypotheses have been proposed: Akin to Old High German scalmo (“plague”) (German Schelm). Connection with Ancient Greek χάλιμα (khálima) can only be justified as a borrowing from it. Akin to Sanskrit आल (āla, “poison”). Akin to Ancient Greek σκάλμη (skálmē, “Thracian knife”). Possibly akin to halbë (“scab, scale on the skin”), halë (“bone”), hell (“skewer, pike”), dialectal helmë (“ax edge”). These would make the original sense “(poisoned) weapon”, only later becoming “poison”. Most likely continues substantivized adjective Proto-Albanian *helmV- (“cutting, biting”), which possibly continues an inherited formation *kʰalmi- "pointed, painful", from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kólh₃-mi-, with a change in meaning from "that which is sharp/edged" to "that which is painful, bitter". While Orel and Demiraj reconstruct *skol(i)mo- or *skal(i)ma- as the PIE origins, Pre-Proto-Albanian *kʰalima- would have probably led to Albanian *hellm. Less likely is the assumption of an inner Albanian derivation from -ma- to an unattested noun Alb. *hel < Pre-PA *kʰalni-. === Noun === helm m (plural helme) poison; venom Synonym: zeher something very bad great sorrow, grief Synonyms: hidhërim, pikëllim, hall, nevojë === Adjective === helm (feminine helme) very bitter Synonym: i hidhur very sad, sorrowful, grievous Synonyms: i hidhëruar, i pikëlluar ==== Derived terms ==== === Related terms === helmë hell halë === References === === Further reading === FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎[6], 1980, page 665ab Oryol, Vladimir E. (1998), “helm”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 144f. == Dutch == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ɦɛlm/, [ɦɛɫm], [hɛɫm], [ˈɦɛ.ləm], [ˈhɛ.ləm] Hyphenation: helm Rhymes: -ɛlm === Etymology 1 === From Middle Dutch helm, from Old Dutch *helm, from Proto-West Germanic *helm, from Proto-Germanic *helmaz. Compare West Frisian helm, Low German Helm, German Helm, Danish hjelm. ==== Noun ==== helm m (plural helmen, diminutive helmpje n) helmet, protective headwear (heraldry) helmet above a shield ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Descendants ===== Afrikaans: helm → Papiamentu: hèlmu → Virgin Islands Creole: helum === Etymology 2 === From Proto-West Germanic *helm; cognate with Low German helm, English helm (“bentgrass, straw”). Further related to halm (“haulm”); compare English haulm, halm. ==== Noun ==== helm f or n (uncountable, no diminutive) marram, European beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria) Synonym: helmgras ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 3 === From Middle Dutch *helm, attested in helmstoc. Akin to English helm. ==== Noun ==== helm m (plural helmen, diminutive helmpje n) a tiller on a vessel's rudder the handle on a pounder to crush fibers in a paper mill ===== Derived terms ===== helmstok == Indonesian == === Etymology === Borrowed from Dutch helm. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): [ˈhɛləm] === Noun === hèlm (plural helm-helm) helmet (protective head covering) Synonyms: topi keledar, helmet (Standard Malay) ==== Alternative forms ==== hèlêm === Further reading === “helm”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016 == Ludian == === Etymology === From Proto-Finnic *hëlma, borrowed either from Baltic or from Germanic. Cognates include Finnish helma. === Noun === helm hem == Middle English == === Etymology 1 === From Old English helm, from Proto-West Germanic *helm, from Proto-Germanic *helmaz. ==== Alternative forms ==== helme, hælm, halm, healm ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /hɛlm/ ==== Noun ==== helm (plural helmes or helmen) A helmet; a piece of armoured headgear. 1475, An Apology for Lollard Doctrines, Attributed to Wycliffe, quoting Ephesians 6:17: (figurative) Any kind of protection or safeguarding. (figurative, rare) A soldier; a fighting-man. (rare, biblical) The crown of thorns that Jesus wore. ===== Related terms ===== helmen helmet ===== Descendants ===== English: helm Scots: helm → Welsh: helm ===== References ===== “helm, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 18 July 2018. === Etymology 2 === ==== Noun ==== helm alternative form of elm === Etymology 3 === ==== Noun ==== helm alternative form of helme == Old English == === Etymology === From Proto-West Germanic *helm, from Proto-Germanic *helmaz (“helmet”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, to hide”). Compare Old Frisian helm, Old Saxon helm, Old High German helm, Old Norse hjalmr, Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌼𐍃 (hilms). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /xelm/, [heɫm] === Noun === helm m helmet Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church protection, defence covering, crown Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church summit, top (of trees) protector, lord ==== Declension ==== Strong a-stem: ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Related terms ==== helma ==== Descendants ==== Middle English: helm English: helm == Old High German == === Alternative forms === halm (10th C. compounds) === Etymology === From Proto-West Germanic *helm, from Proto-Germanic *helmaz. Compare Old Saxon helm, Old English helm, Old Norse hjalmr, Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌼𐍃 (hilms). === Noun === helm m helmet ==== Derived terms ==== siguhelm ==== Descendants ==== Middle High German: helm German: Helm Polish: hełm Luxembourgish: Helm == Welsh == === Etymology === From Middle English helm. === Noun === helm f (plural helmau, not mutable) helmet Synonym: helmed === Further reading === R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “helm”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies