frith-

== Irish == === Alternative forms === fri- (before t) === Etymology === From Old Irish frith- (“counter-, beside, against”), from the verbal nouns of Old Irish verbs like fris·beir, fris·aicci, fris·indlea with the initial preverb fri, from Proto-Celtic *writ- (compare Welsh wrth, prefix gwrth-), from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”) (compare Latin versus (“against”)). === Prefix === frith- anti-, counter- Synonym: anta- back Synonym: cúl- ==== Derived terms ==== === Mutation === === Further reading === Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “frith-”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN == Old Irish == === Alternative forms === fre-, fri- (before stops) fris-, fres- (before resonants) === Etymology === From Proto-Celtic *writ- (compare Welsh wrth, prefix gwrth-), from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”) (compare Latin versus (“against”)). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈɸʲɾʲiθʲ-/ === Prefix === frith- (pretonic fris-) counter-, beside, against ==== Usage notes ==== There are three basic shapes of the prefix, used in the following manner: Frith- proper manifests as such before morpheme-initial vowels. ‎frith- (“beside”) + ‎aire (“watching”) → ‎frithaire (“vigil”, literally “watching beside”) ‎frith- + ‎orcun (“striking down”) → ‎frithorcun (“injury”) Fris- and fres- tend to appear before resonants. Originally fres- was created by a following vowel lowering the vowel in older fris-, but by Old Irish times the two variants were interchangeable. Fre- and fri- were used before stops. Like with fris- and fres-, the distribution of these two variants originally depended on whether the following morpheme caused its original -i- to lower to -e-, but by the Old Irish period this distribution was not strictly followed. It triggered no mutation of the next morpheme in line. ‎frith- (“beside”) + ‎cor (“putting”) → ‎frecor (“cultivation, worship”) ‎frith- (“against”) + ‎tuidecht (“coming”) → ‎frituidecht (“opposition”, literally “coming against”) Later on, the non-frith- forms became fossilized as frith- overtook the other shapes in productivity. Frith- also caused lenition of the initial consonant of a following morpheme as this happened. For instance, ‎frith- + ‎gním (“work”) → ‎frithgnam (“pains, labour, work”). ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== Middle Irish: frith- Irish: frith- Scottish Gaelic: frith- == Scottish Gaelic == === Etymology === From frith. === Prefix === frith- by-, sub- counter- ==== Derived terms ==== === Mutation ===