espionage

== English == === Etymology === Recorded since 1793, from French espionnage, from espionner (“to spy”), from Middle French espionner (“to spy”), from espion (“spy”), from Old French espion (“spy”), from Frankish *spehō (“spy”), from Frankish *spehōn (“to spy”), from Proto-Germanic *spehōną (“to spy, peek, peer”). In modern times, the French pronunciation of the s, which had fallen silent since the 13th century, was restored due to the influence of Italian spione (“spy”), and was therefore also adopted by the English. More at spy. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈɛs.pi.əˌnɑːʒ/ enPR: ĕsʹ-pē-ə-näzh (Canada) enPR: -năzh, -nizh === Noun === espionage (countable and uncountable, plural espionages) The act or process of learning secret information through clandestine means. ==== Synonyms ==== spying ==== Coordinate terms ==== reconnaissance undercover ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Related terms ==== tradecraft spycraft spywork ==== Translations ==== === Anagrams === sea pigeon