do

== English == === Etymology 1 === From Middle English don, from Old English dōn, from Proto-West Germanic *dōn, from Proto-Germanic *dōną, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, do, make”). For senses 4 and 5, compare Old Norse duga, also Northern English dow. The past tense form is from Middle English didde, dude, from Old English dyde, *diede, an unexpected development from Proto-Germanic *dedǭ/*dedē (the expected reflex would be *ded), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰédʰeh₁ti, an athematic e-reduplicated verb of the same root *dʰeh₁-. The meaningless use of do in interrogative, negative, and affirmative sentences (e.g. "Do you like painting?" "Yes, I do"), existing in some form in most Germanic languages, is thought by some linguists to be one of the Brittonicisms in English, calqued from Brythonic. It is first recorded in Middle English, where it may have marked the perfective aspect, though in some cases the meaning seems to be imperfective. In Early Modern English, any meaning in such contexts was lost, making it a dummy auxiliary, and soon thereafter its use became mandatory in most questions and negations. Doublets include deed, deem, and -dom, but not deal. Other cognates include, via Latin, English feast, festival, fair (“celebration”), via Greek, English theo-, theme, thesis, and Sanskrit दधाति (dadhāti, “to put”), धातृ (dhātṛ, “creator”) and धातु (dhātu, “layer, element, root”). ==== Alternative forms ==== de, dee (Northumbria) ==== Pronunciation ==== (weak form, before a consonant) IPA(key): /də/ (weak form, before a vowel) IPA(key): /dʊ/ (strong form) IPA(key): /duː/ Rhymes: -uː Homophones: doo, Doubs, doux, (yod-dropping) dew, due (colloquial; for some speakers, when "do" is unstressed and the next word starts with /j/) IPA(key): /d͡ʒ/. See d'you. (MLE, some accents in Irish English and Scottish English) IPA(key): /dy/ (Northumbria) IPA(key): /diː/ (interrogative) IPA(key): /dɪ/ (interrogative, before a vowel) IPA(key): /dɪv/ ==== Verb ==== do (third-person singular simple present does, present participle doing, simple past did, past participle done) (auxiliary) A syntactic marker. A syntactic marker in a question whose main verb is not another auxiliary verb or be. A syntactic marker in negations with the indicative and imperative moods. A syntactic marker for emphasis with the indicative, imperative, and subjunctive moods. (pro-verb) A syntactic marker that refers back to an earlier verb and allows the speaker to avoid repeating the verb; in most dialects, not used with auxiliaries such as be, though it can be in AAVE. (modal, interrogative, informal) Should; ought to (especially in respect of a task to be repeated). Synonym: should (dialectal) Used to form the present progressive of verbs. (transitive) To perform; to execute. Synonyms: accomplish, carry out, functionate (transitive, obsolete) To cause or make (someone) (do something). (ambitransitive) To suffice. (intransitive) To be reasonable or acceptable. (ditransitive) To have (as an effect). (intransitive) To fare, perform (well or poorly). (especially England, intransitive) To fare well; to thrive; to prosper; (of livestock) to fatten. (transitive, chiefly in questions) To have as one's job. (transitive) To perform the tasks or actions associated with (something). (transitive) To cook. Synonyms: see Thesaurus:cook (transitive) To travel in or through, to tour, to make a circuit of. (transitive) To treat in a certain way. (transitive) To work for or on, by way of caring for, looking after, preparing, cleaning, keeping in order, etc. (intransitive, obsolete) To act or behave in a certain manner; to conduct oneself. (transitive) To spend (time) in jail. (See also do time) Synonym: serve (transitive) To impersonate or depict. Synonyms: imitate, personate, take off (transitive, with 'a' and the name of a person, place, event, etc.) To copy or emulate the actions or behaviour that is associated with the person or thing mentioned. (transitive, slang) To kill. Synonyms: do in, murder, off, rub out; see also Thesaurus:kill (transitive, slang) To deal with for good and all; to finish up; to undo; to ruin; to do for. (transitive, informal) To punish for a misdemeanor. (transitive, slang) To have sex with. (See also do it) Synonyms: go to bed with, sleep with; see also Thesaurus:copulate with (transitive) To cheat or swindle. Synonyms: defraud, diddle, mug off, rip off, scam; see also Thesaurus:deceive (transitive) To convert into a certain form; especially, to translate. (ambitransitive) To finish. (transitive, finance) To cash or to advance money for, as a bill or note. (ditransitive, informal) To make or provide. Synonyms: furnish, give, supply; see also Thesaurus:give (transitive, informal) To provide as a service. Synonyms: give; see also Thesaurus:give (transitive, informal) To injure (one's own body part). (transitive) To take (a drug). (transitive, in the form be doing [somewhere]) To exist with a purpose or for a reason. (informal, transitive) To drive a vehicle at a certain speed, especially in regard to a speed limit. (DoggoLingo, used with nouns, verbs, and adjectives) To perform something suggested by a following noun, verb, or adjective. 2017 December 11, Jessica Boddy (for NPR), "Dogs are Doggos", in What Do You Meme, page 21: When they stick out their tongues, they're doing a mlem, a blep, a blop. They bork. They boof. ===== Usage notes ===== In older forms of English, when the pronoun thou was in active use, this verb possessed second-person singular present indicative forms dost and doest, and a second-person singular past indicative form didst. Similarly, when the ending -eth was in active use for third-person singular present indicative forms, this verb possessed third-person singular present indicative forms doth and doeth. There was a tendency to use the shorter forms dost and doth as auxiliaries, and doest and doeth elsewhere. ===== Conjugation ===== ===== Antonyms ===== don't ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Translations ===== ===== See also ===== Appendix:Collocations of do, have, make, and take ==== Noun ==== do (plural dos or do's or (uncommon) doos) (UK, informal) A party, celebration, social function; usually of moderate size and formality. Synonyms: get-together; see also Thesaurus:party (informal) Clipping of hairdo. Alternative form: 'do (chiefly fossilized) Something that can or should be done. Antonym: don't (chiefly obsolete, fossilized in the UK) Something that has been done. (archaic) Ado; bustle; stir; to-do; A period of confusion or argument. Synonym: to-do (obsolete, UK, slang) A cheat; a swindler. (obsolete, UK, slang) An act of swindling; a fraud or deception. (UK, slang) A homicide. ===== Usage notes ===== For the plural of the noun, the spelling dos would be correct; do's is often used for the sake of legibility, but is sometimes considered incorrect. ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Translations ===== === Etymology 2 === Coined by Italian musicologist Giovanni Battista Doni in 1635 as an easier-to-sing open-syllable revision to the solmization ut of Guido of Arezzo, from the first syllable of Latin Dominus (“The Lord”) (speculated by some to be an ulterior abbreviation of Giovanni Battista Doni) on the pattern of other Latinate solfège with the stated justification that God is the tonic and root of the world. ==== Alternative forms ==== doh, Do ==== Pronunciation ==== (UK) enPR: dō, IPA(key): /dəʊ/ (US) enPR: dō, IPA(key): /doʊ/ Rhymes: -əʊ Homophones: doe, d'oh; dough (toe–tow merger) ==== Noun ==== do (plural dos) (music) A syllable used in solfège to represent the first and eighth tonic of a major scale. Synonym: (archaic) ut ===== Translations ===== ==== See also ==== === Etymology 3 === Short for ditto. ==== Alternative forms ==== do. ==== Adverb ==== do (not comparable) (archaic) Abbreviation of ditto. === Etymology 4 === Shortening of dozen. ==== Pronunciation ==== (UK) enPR: dō, IPA(key): /dəʊ/ (US) enPR: dō, IPA(key): /doʊ/ ==== Numeral ==== do The cardinal number occurring after el and before do one in a duodecimal system. Written 10, decimal value 12. ==== See also ==== gro, mo === See also === === References === “do”, in OneLook Dictionary Search. === Anagrams === O.D., OD, O&D, od, Od, O/D == Albanian == === Pronunciation === (Tosk) IPA(key): /do/, [do], [dɔ] (Gheg) IPA(key): [dɜ] === Verb === do second/third-person singular present indicative of dua; “you want/love”, “he/she/it wants/loves” ==== Alternative forms ==== don — Gheg === Pronoun === do (Gheg) some Synonyms: disa, ca === Derived terms === cilido, cilado çdo kushdo kurdo kudo ndokush dokush dokurdo ngado sado sido dosido këdo domosdo medoemos doca ndoca == Atong (India) == === Etymology === From Hindi दो (do). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /do/ === Numeral === do (Bengali script দো) two ==== Synonyms ==== ni rongni tu === References === van Breugel, Seino. 2015. Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary. Stated in Appendix 3. == Bambara == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): [dòꜜò] === Noun === do group === References === 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics. == Barai == === Noun === do water === References === The Papuan Languages of New Guinea (1986, →ISBN) == Bavarian == === Etymology 1 === From Middle High German doch, from Old High German doh, from Proto-West Germanic *þauh, from Proto-Germanic *þauh. Cognates include German doch, Dutch doch, Yiddish דאָך (dokh), Luxembourgish dach, English though, Old Norse þó, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌷 (þauh). ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /d̥oː/ ==== Adverb ==== do Expresses a contrast Contradicts what may be believed and/or emphasises a certainty: certainly, but, really, just (always unstressed) Mia san do kane Trottln. ― We certainly are no idiots. Des Gschäft håd do zugsperrt. ― But the shop has closed down. Den kenn i do! ― I do know him. I wui do nur wissa, wo's då auße geht. ― I really just want to know where the exit is. Emphasis on a different outcome than expected: after all, in the end (always stressed) Mia san do kane Trottln. ― We are no idiots after all. Des Gschäft håd do zugsperrt. ― The shop has closed down after all. I håb's versuacht, owa dånn do ned gschåfft. ― I've tried, but in the end I failed. === Etymology 2 === Cognate with German da. ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /d̥ɔː/ ==== Adverb ==== do alternative spelling of då == Boko == === Numeral === do one == Catalan == === Etymology 1 === From Latin dōnum (“gift”). ==== Pronunciation ==== (traditional) IPA(key): (Northern) [ˈdu] IPA(key): (Balearic, Central, Valencia, Northwestern) [ˈdo] (more commonly) IPA(key): (Northern) [ˈdo̞] IPA(key): (Balearic, Central, Valencia, Northwestern) [ˈdɔ] ==== Noun ==== do m (plural dons) gift talent === Etymology 2 === Borrowed from Italian do. ==== Pronunciation ==== (originally, Italianate) IPA(key): (Northern) [ˈdo̞] IPA(key): (Balearic, Central, Valencia, Northwestern) [ˈdɔ] (more commonly) IPA(key): (Northern) [ˈdu] IPA(key): (Balearic, Central, Valencia, Northwestern) [ˈdo] ==== Noun ==== do m (plural dos) (music) do (first note of diatonic scale) === Etymology 3 === See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form. ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): (Northern) [ˈdu] IPA(key): (Balearic, Central, Valencia, Northwestern) [ˈdo] ==== Verb ==== do (obsolete) first-person singular present indicative of dar == Central Franconian == === Etymology 1 === From Old High German dār (“there”). ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /dɔː/ ==== Adverb ==== do here; there; in this or that place === Etymology 2 === From Old High German duo (“then”), variant of do, dō. Compare German da, Dutch toen. ==== Alternative forms ==== du, dunn (southern Moselle Francoinan) ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /doː/ (traditional) IPA(key): /dɔː/ (now sometimes by conflation with etymology 1 under standard German influence) ==== Adverb ==== do (Ripuarian, northern Moselle Franconian) then; back then (at a certain time in the past) === Etymology 3 === From Old High German du. ==== Alternative forms ==== du (many dialects) dou (some dialects of Moselle Franconian) de (unstressed form) ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /doː/ ==== Pronoun ==== do (few dialects, including Kölsch) thou; you (singular) == Chinese == === Etymology === From English do. Resemblance to Taishanese 做 (du1, “to do”) is probably coincidence. === Pronunciation === === Verb === do (Hong Kong Cantonese) to do to work (euphemistic) to have sex ==== Synonyms ==== 做 (zou6) ==== Derived terms ==== === References === Bolton, Kingsley; Hutton, Christopher (2005), A Dictionary of Cantonese Slang: The Language of Hong Kong Movies, Street Gangs and City Life, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, →ISBN, page 100 English Loanwords in Hong Kong Cantonese == Czech == === Etymology === Inherited from Old Czech do, from Proto-Slavic *do. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): [ˈdo] === Preposition === do [with genitive] into, in (to the inside of) Vešel do místnosti. ― He walked into the room. Dostala se jí voda do bot. ― Water got in her boots. to, in (in the direction of, and arriving at; indicating destination) Jdeme do obchodu. ― We are walking to the shop. Přiletěli jsme do New Yorku. ― We arrived in New York. until (up to the time of) Zůstal tam až do neděle. ― He stayed there until Sunday. by (at some time before the given time) Ať jsi zpátky do desíti! ― Be back by ten o'clock! Do středy tu knihu přečtu. ― I will have read the book by Wednesday. to, in (physical blows "to" a body part) Do hlavy ne! ― Don’t hit me in the head! Oběť byla pobodána do břicha ― Victim has stab wounds to the stomach. to, up to (extreme limit, all the way up to) Budeme si to pamatovat do posledního dechu ― We will remember it till our last breath. === Further reading === “do”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957 “do”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989 == Dutch == === Etymology === From Italian do (“the note”). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /doː/ Hyphenation: do Rhymes: -oː === Noun === do m or f (plural do's, no diminutive) do, the musical note (Belgium) C, the musical note ==== Synonyms ==== ut (archaic) === See also === (notes): re, mi, fa, sol, la, si; bee, kruis, mol == Esperanto == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /do/ Rhymes: -o Syllabification: do === Etymology 1 === ==== Noun ==== do (accusative singular do-on, plural do-oj, accusative plural do-ojn) The name of the Latin script letter D/d. ==== See also ==== (Latin-script letter names) litero; a, bo, co, ĉo, do, e, fo, go, ĝo, ho, ĥo, i, jo, ĵo, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, ŝo, to, u, ŭo, vo, zo === Etymology 2 === From French donc, possibly via apheresis of Latin ad tunc (see adonc). Compare Italian dunque, Romanian atunci, Spanish entonces. ==== Adverb ==== do therefore, then, so (with conclusion), indeed, however === Further reading === “do”, in Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto [Complete Illustrated Dictionary of Esperanto], 2020, →ISBN “do”, in Reta Vortaro [Online Dictionary] (in Esperanto), 1997-2026 == Fala == === Alternative forms === du (Lagarteiru, Valverdeñu) === Etymology === From Old Galician-Portuguese do, equivalent to de (“of”) +‎ o (masculine singular definite article). === Contraction === do m sg (plural dos, feminine da, feminine plural das) (Mañegu) of the === References === Valeš, Miroslav (2021), Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎[21], 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN, page 30 == Faroese == === Etymology === Borrowed from Italian do. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /toː/ Rhymes: -oː === Noun === do n (genitive singular dos, plural do) (music) do ==== Declension ==== == French == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /do/ Rhymes: -o === Noun === do m (invariable) (music) do, the note 'C' Synonym: ut === Further reading === “do”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012 == Galician == === Etymology === From contraction of preposition de (“of, from”) + masculine definite article o (“the”). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /d̪ʊː/ === Contraction === do m (feminine da, masculine plural dos, feminine plural das) of the; from the; 's cabalo do demo ― demon's horse ("dragonfly") === Further reading === “o”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2026 Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “do”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega == Garo == === Alternative forms === do·o (A·chik) === Etymology === Glottal stop loss of do·o === Noun === do (Mandi) bird == Ghomala' == === Pronunciation === Rhymes: -o === Noun === do gender unattested singular of mdo gender unattested roof, rooftop Synonyms: də̀m, thə́pà' Ě yáp dò pà'. ― He/she put on the house. === Noun === do gender unattested singleton Synonym: dǒ? Do pǎ' lá' pyə. ― There is only one house in our village. === See also === === References === Erika Eichholzer et al., editors (2002), Dictionnaire Ghomala’ (in French) == Gullah == === Etymology === From Mende (Sierra Leone) ndo. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /do/ ("child, pupil, young animal"). === Noun === do child === References === Lorenzo Dow Turner, Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect (1969) == Haitian Creole == === Etymology === From French dos (“back”). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /do/ === Noun === do (anatomy) back === References === Targète, Jean; Urciolo, Raphael (1993), Haitian Creole-English Dictionary‎[22], Dunwoody Press, →ISBN, page 53 == Hunsrik == === Alternative forms === too (Wiesemann spelling system) === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /toː/ === Adverb === do here Synonyms: hie, hier Die Fraa is nimmi do. ― The woman isn't here anymore. then; so Synonym: dann Do sim-mer fortgesprung. ― Then we fled. === Further reading === Boll, Piter Kehoma (2021), “do”, in Dicionário Hunsriqueano Riograndense–Português, 3rd edition (overall work in Portuguese), Ivoti: Riograndenser Hunsrickisch == Ido == === Adverb === do so, therefore == Irish == === Etymology 1 === From confusion between Middle Irish ro- (in perfect), no- (in imperfect and conditional), and do- (of many verbs with that preverb), from Old Irish ro-, no-, to- respectively. ==== Alternative forms ==== d’ (used before vowels and lenited fh-) ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /d̪ˠo/, /d̪ˠə/ ==== Particle ==== do (triggers lenition) (Munster, literary) prefixed before the preterite, imperfect and conditional forms of a verb do mhol sé ― he praised === Etymology 2 === Reanalysis of do (past tense marker) and the early modern unstressed preverb do- of verbs like do-gheibhim (“I get”), do-chím (“I see”) (and possibly also a- in a-tú (“I am”), a-deirim (“I say”)) in relative clauses as a relative marker. ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /d̪ˠo/, /d̪ˠə/ ==== Particle ==== do (triggers lenition) (Munster, literary) relative marker (in direct relative clauses) an cailín do mholann sé ― the girl that he praises ===== Usage notes ===== Before vowel sounds takes the form d’ and is often preceded by the reduced form a: a dh’, a d’: an té a dh’éiríonn go moch, bíonn an rath air ― he who raises early has the prosperity; the early bird catches the worm === Etymology 3 === From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *do (“to, for”). ==== Alternative forms ==== d’ (used before vowel sounds) ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /d̪ˠo/, /d̪ˠə/ (Connacht) IPA(key): /ɡə/ (as if spelled go; do and go (“to, up to, until”) have largely become conflated in this dialect) (Ulster, colloquial) IPA(key): /ə/, (before ⟨a/á, o/ó, u/ú⟩) /ə.ɣ-/, (before ⟨e/é, i/í⟩) /ə.j-/ ==== Preposition ==== do (plus dative, triggers lenition) to, for do chara ― to a friend, for a friend used with the possessive determiners mo, do, bhur to indicate the direct object of a verbal noun, in place of ag after a form of bí in the progressive aspect ===== Inflection ===== ===== Derived terms ===== See also: Category:Irish phrasal verbs formed with "do" === Etymology 4 === From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *towe (“your, thy”); compare Welsh dy, Cornish dha, Breton da. ==== Alternative forms ==== d’ (used before vowel sounds) t’ (nonstandard, used before vowel sounds) ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /d̪ˠo/, /d̪ˠə/ ==== Determiner ==== do (triggers lenition) your sg ==== See also ==== === References === === Further reading === Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927), “do”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla [Irish and English Dictionary], 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 347; reprinted with additions 1996, →ISBN Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “do”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla [Irish–English Dictionary], Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959), “do”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm “do”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2026 == Italian == === Etymology 1 === See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form. ==== Alternative forms ==== dò (rare) ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /ˈdɔ/* Rhymes: -ɔ Hyphenation: dò ==== Verb ==== do first-person singular present indicative of dare === Etymology 2 === Clipping of Doni, the surname of Giovanni Battista Doni. Coined in the 17th century to replace ut. ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /ˈdɔ/°, (traditional) /ˈdɔ/* Rhymes: -ɔ Hyphenation: dò ==== Noun ==== do m do (musical note) C (musical note or key) === Etymology 3 === ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /ˈdɔ/°, /ˈdɔ/*, /ˈdɔh/, /ˈdɔʔ/ Rhymes: -ɔ, -ɔh, -ɔʔ Hyphenation: dò ==== Noun ==== do (archaic) alternative form of doh === Further reading === do in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI) === Anagrams === od == Japanese == === Romanization === do The hiragana syllable ど (do) or the katakana syllable ド (do) in Hepburn romanization. == Kashubian == === Etymology === Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈdɔ/ Rhymes: -ɔ Syllabification: do === Preposition === do [with genitive] denotes allative movement; to, toward denotes purpose; for, to until, till, to up to, as many as denotes a deadline; by ==== Related terms ==== === Further reading === Stefan Ramułt (1893), “do”, in Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego (in Kashubian), page 25 Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011), “do”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎[23], volume 1, page 271 “do”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022 == Ladin == === Preposition === do behind Antonym: dant before (time) == Latin == === Etymology === From Proto-Italic *didō, from Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti, from the root *deh₃- (“give”). The reduplication was lost in Latin in the present tense, but is preserved in the perfect tense and in other Italic languages. A root aorist (from Proto-Indo-European *déh₃t) is preserved in Venetic 𐌆𐌏𐌕𐌏 (doto); the other Italic perfect forms reflect a reduplicated stative, *dedai. However, the root aorist possibly served as the source of the Latin present forms. The form duim may reflect earlier Proto-Italic *dū-ī-, from the optative of an older Proto-Indo-European aorist *déwh₃-t. The stem of this aorist perhaps derives the metathesis of *dh₃u-, itself perhaps derives from the root *deh₃- with a u-extension. Sihler, however, dismisses the proposed root extension as "ad hoc" and arguing that the proposed cognates, δοϝέναι (dowénai) and दावने (dāváne), have more plausible explanations within their own branches, thus leaving the Italic forms isolated. Another theory, advanced by the linguist Jay H. Jasanoff, suggests that the form derives from Proto-Italic *dōwīm, itself from Proto-Indo-European *déh₃-ih₁-m̥, with a glide inserted to break the hiatus. The term escaped the effects of Thurneysen-Havet's Law due to the root accent. Cognates include Ancient Greek δίδωμι (dídōmi), Sanskrit ददाति (dádāti), Old Persian 𐎭𐎭𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺 (d-d-a-tu-u-v). The derivatives of dō are not always easy to distinguish from those of -dō (“put”) < *dʰeh₁-. === Pronunciation === (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈdoː] (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈdɔː] === Verb === dō (present infinitive dare, perfect active dedī, supine datum); first conjugation, irregular short ă in most forms to give Synonym: dōnō to impart, offer, render, present with Synonyms: reddō, afferō to afford, grant Synonym: dōnō to bestow, confer (on or upon), to yield Synonym: dōnō to concede, surrender, yield, deliver, give up Synonyms: dēdō, addīcō, concēdō, dēcēdō, committō, remittō, trādō, tribuō, dēferō, reddō, cēdō, permittō to put to adduce (e.g., a witness) ==== Conjugation ==== In Vulgar Latin, dō becomes *dao, by analogy with the root vowel -a-, but also by some elided third conjugation verbs like *vao, *vare (< vadō, vadere). This table includes an archaic present subjunctive conjugation on a du- root that appears in the works of Plautus and Terence. ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== === References === === Further reading === do in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press do in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers “do”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette. Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎[24], London: Macmillan and Co. == Laz == === Conjunction === do Latin spelling of დო (do) == Ligurian == === Alternative forms === dro (obsolete) === Etymology === de +‎ o === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /du/ === Contraction === do of the (masculine singular) == Limburgish == === Etymology 1 === Derived from Old High German doret. Compare German dort. ==== Alternative forms ==== da (Eupen) dao (widespread variant) dooe (Krefeld) ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /dɔː/ Hyphenation: do Rhymes: -ɔː ==== Adverb ==== do (Eupen, local) there, yonder (Eupen, temporal) at that time (in the past); at the time, then (Eupen) then, after that === Etymology 2 === Unstressed form of dou. ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /doː/ Hyphenation: do Rhymes: -oː ==== Pronoun ==== do (Eupen) Reduced form of dou (“you”) == Lower Sorbian == === Etymology === From Proto-Slavic *do. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /dɔ/ === Preposition === do [with genitive] to, into do Chóśebuza ― to Cottbus do jsy ― to the village, into the village do wognja ― into the fire do njebja ― to heaven === Further reading === Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928), “do”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008 Starosta, Manfred (1999), “do”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag == Lower Tanana == === Etymology === From Proto-Athabaskan *daˑʷ. Cognate with Ahtna daa, Navajo -DÁ. === Root === do a singular subject sits ==== Stem set ==== ==== Derived terms ==== === References === Kari, James et al. (2024), Kari, James, editor, Lower Tanana Dene Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, pages 128-131 == Luxembourgish == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /do/, [doː] Rhymes: -oː === Etymology 1 === From Proto-Germanic *þar. ==== Adverb ==== do there, in that place === Etymology 2 === ==== Verb ==== do second-person singular imperative of doen == Middle English == === Etymology 1 === Inherited from Old English dā, from Proto-West Germanic *daihā, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)-. The use of do as a common term for both the male and female fallow deer (departing from the expectation that the term for the male, bukke, would be generalised) may be a semantic loan from Latin damma or because bukke also meant "he-goat". ==== Alternative forms ==== doo da, daa (Northern) ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /dɔ̝ː/ IPA(key): /dɑː/ (Early Middle English) IPA(key): /daː/ (Northern) ==== Noun ==== do (plural dos or don) A female fallow deer (mammal of the genus Dama) A fallow deer of either sex. ===== Descendants ===== English: doe → Scots: doe Middle Scots: da, daa, dae, de, deaScots: dae (obsolete) ===== References ===== “dō, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007. Thun, Nils (1968), “Germanic words for deer”, in Studia Neophilologica, volume 40, A.B. Lundequistska Bokhandeln, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 109. === Etymology 2 === ==== Verb ==== do alternative form of don inflection of don: first-person singular present indicative plural present indicative imperative subjunctive singular infinitive past participle == Mizo == === Etymology === From Proto-Kuki-Chin *daw (“to fight”). === Verb === do to be hostile with === Further reading === Lorrain, J. Herbert (1940), “do”, in Dictionary of the Lushai language, Calcutta: Asiatic Society == Nias == === Etymology === From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *daʀaq, from Proto-Austronesian *daʀaq. Compare Malay darah, Ilocano dara. === Noun === do (mutated form ndro) blood === References === Sundermann, Heinrich. 1905. Niassisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Moers: Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, p. 52. == Norwegian Bokmål == === Etymology 1 === Possibly an abbreviation of "do-hūs" ("do house") from Middle Low German dōn. ==== Noun ==== do m or n (definite singular doen or doet, indefinite plural doer or do, definite plural doene or doa) a toilet, a loo Synonyms: dass, toalett ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 2 === ==== Noun ==== do m do (the musical note) === References === “do” in The Bokmål Dictionary. == Norwegian Nynorsk == === Etymology 1 === Possibly an abbreviation of "do-hūs" ("do house") from Middle Low German dōn. ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /duː/ ==== Noun ==== do m or n (definite singular doen or doet, indefinite plural doar or do, definite plural doane or doa) a toilet, a loo Synonyms: dass, toalett ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 2 === From Old Norse þó. ==== Adverb ==== do anyhow, still, nevertheless === Etymology 3 === From the name of musicologist Giovanni Battista Doni, who suggested replacing the original ut with an open syllable for ease of singing. First found in Italian. ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /doː/ Homophone: då ==== Noun ==== do m (definite singular do-en, indefinite plural do-ar, definite plural do-ane) (music) do, a syllable used in solfège to represent the second note of a major scale. ===== Coordinate terms ===== (scale of solfège): do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti, do === Etymology 4 === ==== Verb ==== do (non-standard since 1917) past singular of døy === References === “do” in The Nynorsk Dictionary. === Anagrams === od == Old Czech == === Etymology === Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): (13th CE) /ˈdo/ IPA(key): (15th CE) /ˈdo/ === Preposition === do [with genitive] Denotes allative movement; to, toward Denotes illative movement; into, in Denotes length of time; to, until Denotes final period of time; by Denotes period before something else; before; by according to, in agreeance with Denotes recepient of action; to regarding up to, as many as Denotes purpose; for, to because of ==== Descendants ==== Czech: do === References === Jan Gebauer (1903–1916), “do”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění == Old English == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /doː/ Rhymes: -oː === Verb === dō inflection of dōn: first-person singular present indicative singular present subjunctive singular imperative == Old Galician-Portuguese == === Contraction === do m sg (plural dos, feminine da, feminine plural das) contraction of de +‎ o, literally “of the, from the, -'s (masculine singular)” == Old High German == === Adverb === dō alternative form of duo == Old Irish == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /d̪o/ === Etymology 1 === From Proto-Celtic *dū (“to”), from Proto-Indo-European *de. Unrelated to the prefix to-. ==== Preposition ==== do (with dative; triggers lenition of a following consonant-initial noun) to, for indicates the subject of a verbal noun connects a verbal noun with a preceding subject or object indicates the subject of a copular sentence with an adverbial phrase as predicate ===== Inflection ===== Combinations with a definite article: don(d), dun(d) (“to/for the sg”) donaib, dunaib (“to/for the pl”) Combinations with a possessive determiner: dom (“to/for my”) dot (“to/for your sg”) dia (“to/for his/her/their”) diar (“to/for our”) dobar, dofar (“to/for your pl”) Combinations with a relative pronoun: dia· (“to/for whom/which”) ===== Alternative forms ===== du ==== Pronoun ==== do alternative spelling of dó ==== Adverb ==== do alternative spelling of dó ==== Further reading ==== Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 do”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) [1909], D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, translation of Handbuch des Alt-Irischen (in German), →ISBN, pages 274, 506; reprinted 2017 === Etymology 2 === From Proto-Celtic *towe. ==== Alternative forms ==== du, tho, to t’, th’ (before a vowel) ==== Determiner ==== do (triggers lenition) your (singular) ===== Descendants ===== Middle Irish: do Irish: do Scottish Gaelic: do Manx: dty ==== Further reading ==== Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 do”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) [1909], D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, translation of Handbuch des Alt-Irischen (in German), →ISBN, § 439, pages 276–77; reprinted 2017 === References === == Old Polish == === Etymology === Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do. First attested in the 14th century. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /dɔ/ IPA(key): (15th CE) /dɔ/ === Preposition === do [with genitive] denotes allative movement; to, toward Synonym: ku until Synonym: ku denotes a deadline; by denotes duration; within denotes purpose; for denotes the subject of an address or action; ==== Descendants ==== Polish: do Silesian: do, dō (before nasals) === References === Bożena Sieradzka-Baziur, et al., editors (2011–2015), “do”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN == Old Spanish == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /do/ === Etymology 1 === From de +‎ o, from Latin dē (“from”) + ubi (“where”). ==== Adverb ==== do where ==== Conjunction ==== do where === Etymology 2 === See lemma. ==== Verb ==== do first-person singular present of dar == Pennsylvania German == === Etymology === Compare German da. === Adverb === do here == Polish == === Pronunciation === Rhymes: -ɔ Syllabification: do === Etymology 1 === Inherited from Old Polish do. ==== Preposition ==== do [with genitive] denotes allative movement; to, toward Synonym: (sometimes) na Zwykle jeżdżę do pracy pociągiem. ― I usually go to work by train. Chcę wrócić do domu. ― I want to go home. (literally, “I want to return to home.”) denotes illative movement; into, in Proszę włożyć mleko do lodówki. ― Please put the milk in the fridge. denotes purpose; for, to Zapomniałem szczoteczki do zębów. ― I forgot my toothbrush (literally, “I forgot brush for teeth.”) Masz ochotę na coś do picia? ― Do you fancy something to drink? denotes the subject of an address or action; to Napisałam do ciebie list. ― I wrote you a letter. Szymon w każdą sobotę dzwoni do mamy. ― Simon calls his mother every Saturday. until, till, to Do zeszłego miesiąca mieszkałem całe życie w Łodzi. ― Until last month I had lived in Łódź my entire life. Pracujemy od dziewiątej do piątej. ― We work from nine to five. up to, as many as Grozi mu do sześciu lat więzienia. ― He could get up to six years' imprisonment. Nasz syn ma tylko pięć lat, a już umie liczyć do stu. ― Our son is only five and can already count to 100. denotes a deadline; by (indicates an intended deadline) Mój szef chce, żebym do jutra skończył raport. ― My boss wants me to finish the report by tomorrow. (Przemyśl) synonym of przez; denoting a period of time for which something lasts Chorowała do póroku. ― She was sick for half a year. ==== See also ==== ku ==== Trivia ==== According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), do is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 1245 times in scientific texts, 1326 times in news, 1088 times in essays, 1260 times in fiction, and 935 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 5854 times, making it the 9th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words. === Etymology 2 === See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form. ==== Preposition ==== do (Eastern Kraków, Gdów, Bochnia) alternative form of dość === References === === Further reading === “do”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego‎[25] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN “do”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎[26] (in Polish) Maria Renata Mayenowa; Stanisław Rospond; Witold Taszycki; Stefan Hrabec; Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023), “do”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish] “DO”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 07.03.2019 Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814), “do”, in Słownik języka polskiego Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “do”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861 J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “do”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 466 Aleksander Saloni (1908), “do”, in “Lud rzeszowski”, in Materyały Antropologiczno-Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne‎[27] (in Polish), volume 10, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 333 Jan Karłowicz (1900), “dosyć”, in Słownik gwar polskich [Dictionary of Polish dialects] (in Polish), volume 1: A do E, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 357 == Portuguese == === Alternative forms === d'o (dated) === Etymology === From Old Galician-Portuguese do, from de (“of, from”) + o (“the”). Akin to Galician do, Italian and Spanish del, French du and Sicilian dû ~ dô. === Pronunciation === (Madeira) IPA(key): /dø/ Hyphenation: do === Contraction === do m sg (plural dos, feminine da, feminine plural das) contraction of de +‎ o, literally “of the, from the, -'s (masculine singular)” ==== Quotations ==== For quotations using this term, see Citations:do. == Romanian == === Etymology === From Italian do. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /do/ === Noun === do m (plural do) do (musical note) ==== Declension ==== == Saterland Frisian == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /doː/ Hyphenation: do Rhymes: -oː === Etymology 1 === See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form. Cognates include West Frisian de and German die. ==== Article ==== do (unstressed de) plural of die === Etymology 2 === From Old Frisian thā, from Proto-Germanic *þan. Cognates include West Frisian dan and German dann. ==== Adverb ==== do then === References === Marron C. Fort (2015), “die”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN Marron C. Fort (2015), “do”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN == Scottish Gaelic == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): (stressed) /t̪ɔ/, (unstressed) /t̪ə/ Hyphenation: do === Etymology 1 === From Old Irish do. Cognates include Irish do. ==== Determiner ==== do (triggers lenition) thy, your (singular) Bha iongantach do ghràdh dhomh. ― Wonderful was thy love for me. ===== See also ===== === Etymology 2 === From Old Irish do. Cognates include Irish do. ==== Preposition ==== do (+ dative, triggers lenition of consonants and Dh-prothesis of vowels, combined with the singular definite article dhan) to Bha e a' siubhal do Shasainn an-uiridh. ― He travelled to England last year. for Do dh'ar beatha, dhut, dhèanainn e. ― For our life, for thee, I would do it. ===== Usage notes ===== Before a word beginning with a vowel or fh, the form do dh' may be used: Tha sinn a' dol do dh'Ìle. ― We are going to Islay. If the definite article in the singular follows, it combines with do into dhan or don: Fàilte don dùthaich. ― Welcome to the country. Tha mi a' dol dhan bhùth. ― I'm going to the shop. ===== Inflection ===== ===== Synonyms ===== a ===== Derived terms ===== an dèidh do 's urrainn do === Etymology 3 === From Middle Irish ro-, from Old Irish ro-, from Proto-Celtic *ɸro-. ==== Particle ==== do (triggers lenition) indicates the past tense of a verb An do sgrìobh thu litir? ― Did you write a letter? Cha do bhrist mi an uinneag. ― I didn't break the window. ===== Usage notes ===== Becomes dh' before a word beginning with a vowel or a lenited fh followed by a vowel. Dh'fhàg an t-òran brònach mi. ― The song made me sad. Dh'òl e am pinnt. ― He drank the pint. An do dh'innis mi thu mar-thà. ― Did I not already tell you. Usually omitted before a consonant except after particles such as an, cha etc. == Serbo-Croatian == === Etymology 1 === From Proto-Slavic *do. ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /dô/ ==== Adverb ==== dȍ (Cyrillic spelling до̏) only, except ni(t)ko do ja ― nobody but me, only me ne jede ništa do komad hljeba/hleba ― he eats nothing except a piece of bread around, approximately do dva metra ― around two meters do 5 kila ― around five kilograms due to, because of to je do hrane ― that's due to the food ==== Preposition ==== dȍ (Cyrillic spelling до̏) [with genitive] up to, to, until, as far as, by od Zagreba do Beograda ― from Zagreb to Belgrade od Orjena do Lovćena ― from Orjen to Lovćen (the location of Bay of Kotor) od Timoka do mora Crnoga ― from Timok to the Black Sea (the location of Stara Planina) od Triglava do Demir Kapije ― from Triglav to Demir Kapija (the territory of Yugoslavia 1945-1992) od Nirvane do Silvane ― from Nirvana to Silvana (wide variety of music genres) od jutra do mraka ― from morning to night od 5 do 10 sati ― from 5 to 10 o'clock od vrha do dna ― from top to bottom do r(ij)eke ― as far as the river sad je pet do sedam ― now it's five minutes to seven do poned(j)eljka ― by Monday do nedavna ― until recently do dana današnjega ― to this very day do sada ― so far, thus far, till now sve do ― as far as up to, all the way to do kuda ― how far do tuda ― thus far, up to here before (= prȉje/prȅ) do rata ― before the war beside, next (to) s(j)edi do mene ― sit next to me jedan do drugoga ― side by side (by extension, idiomatic and figurative meanings) up to one; interested in; feel like Nije mi do toga. ― I don't feel like doing that. Nije mi do sm(ij)eha. ― I don't feel like laughing. Njemu je samo do seksa. ― He is only interested in sex. Nije mi puno stalo do toga. ― I'm not very much interested in that. Nije do mene. ― It's not up to me. === Etymology 2 === Inherited from Proto-Slavic *dolъ. ==== Alternative forms ==== dȏl ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /dôː/ ==== Noun ==== dȏ m inan (Cyrillic spelling до̑) (regional, Bosnia, Serbia) dale, small valley ===== Declension ===== ===== Derived terms ===== dolìna === Etymology 3 === Borrowed from Italian do. ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /dôː/ ==== Noun ==== dȏ m inan (Cyrillic spelling до̑, indeclinable) (music) do === References === “do”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026 “do”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026 “do”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026 == Silesian == === Alternative forms === dō (before nasals) === Etymology === Inherited from Old Polish do. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈdɔ/ Rhymes: -ɔ Syllabification: do === Preposition === do [with genitive] denotes allative movement; to, toward Synonyms: ku, w denotes maximum amount; to until, till, to denotes purpose; for, to denotes benefactive beneficent; for Synonym: dlŏ denotes recepient of action; to Synonym: dlŏ ==== Related terms ==== === Further reading === do in dykcjonorz.eu do in silling.org == Slovak == === Etymology === Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈdɔ/ === Preposition === do [with genitive] into, in, to, until === Further reading === “do”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2026 == Slovene == === Etymology === From Proto-Slavic *do. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /dɔ/ === Preposition === do (with genitive) by (some time before the given time) (with genitive) till === Further reading === “do”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2026 == Spanish == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈdo/ [ˈd̪o] Rhymes: -o Syllabification: do === Etymology 1 === Borrowed from Italian do. ==== Noun ==== do m (plural dos) do (musical note) C (musical note or key) ==== See also ==== (notes): do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si === Etymology 2 === From Old Spanish do, from de (“from”) + o (“where”). Compare Italian dove, French d'où. ==== Adverb ==== do (obsolete) where Synonym: (modern) donde ==== Pronoun ==== do (obsolete) where Synonym: (modern) donde ===== Derived terms ===== === Further reading === “do”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025 == Swahili == === Interjection === do Expression of surprise: oh! damn! == Taworta == === Noun === do fire === Further reading === Bill Palmer, The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area (→ISBN, 2017), page 531, table 95, Comparative basic vocabulary in Lakes Plain Languages == Turkish == === Noun === do C (musical note) == Venetan == === Verb === do first-person singular present indicative of dar (“I give”) == Vietnamese == === Etymology === Sino-Vietnamese word from 由. === Pronunciation === (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [zɔ˧˧] (Huế) IPA(key): [jɔ˧˧] (Saigon) IPA(key): [jɔ˧˧] Homophone: gio === Preposition === do (neutral passive voice marker) by because of; due to ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Related terms ==== (passive voice marker) bị (negative), được (positive) == Volapük == === Conjunction === do though, although, even though == Welsh == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /doː/ Rhymes: -oː === Etymology 1 === From Proto-Celtic *tod, from Proto-Indo-European *tód (“that”). ==== Adverb ==== do yes indeed ===== Usage notes ===== Used to express an affirmative answer to verbs in the preterite (simple past) tense. In colloquial speech it can sometimes be heard as an answer to any question referring to the past (such as those in the perfect or pluperfect), but this is considered nonstandard. ===== Antonyms ===== naddo === Etymology 2 === ==== Alternative forms ==== da (colloquial) deuaf, dof (literary) ==== Verb ==== do first-person singular future colloquial of dod ==== Mutation ==== === Etymology 3 === ==== Noun ==== do soft mutation of to ==== Mutation ==== == West Frisian == === Etymology 1 === From Old Frisian thū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /doː/ (unstressed) IPA(key): /də/ ==== Pronoun ==== do (Clay) you, thou; informal second-person singular pronoun Ik hâld fan dy. ― I love you. ===== Inflection ===== ===== Alternative forms ===== dû (Wood) ===== Further reading ===== “do (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011 === Etymology 2 === From Old Frisian *dūve, from Proto-West Germanic *dūbā. ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /doː/ ==== Noun ==== do c (plural dowen, diminutive doke) pigeon, dove ===== Further reading ===== “do (II)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011 === Etymology 3 === Borrowed from Italian do. ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /doː/ ==== Noun ==== do c (plural do's) do (musical note) ===== Further reading ===== “do (IV)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011 == West Makian == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /d̪o/ === Verb === do (transitive) to find (transitive) to obtain, get hold of (transitive) to receive ==== Conjugation ==== === References === Clemens Voorhoeve (1982), The Makian languages and their neighbours‎[28], Pacific linguistics == Yoruba == === Etymology 1 === From do used in solfège to represent the first tonic of a major scale. ==== Alternative forms ==== (abbreviated): D, d ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /dò/ ==== Noun ==== dò The syllable used to represent the low-tone and its diacritic (`) ==== See also ==== === Etymology 2 === ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /dó/ ==== Verb ==== dó (vulgar) to fuck ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 3 === ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /dó/ ==== Verb ==== dó (transitive) to settle; to found a settlement Synonym: tẹ̀ dó Àwọn Àwórì ló kọ́kọ́ dó sí Èkó. ― The Awori people settled Lagos first. (transitive) to colonise ===== Derived terms ===== == Zazaki == === Etymology === Related to Persian دوغ (duġ) and Tajik дуғ (duġ). === Noun === do airan == Zoogocho Zapotec == === Noun === do mecate, rope made of maguey or hair fiber === References === Long C., Rebecca; Cruz M., Sofronio (2000), Diccionario zapoteco de San Bartolomé Zoogocho, Oaxaca (Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas “Mariano Silva y Aceves”; 38)‎[29] (in Spanish), second electronic edition, Coyoacán, D.F.: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C., page 367