bark

== English == === Alternative forms === barke (obsolete) === Pronunciation === (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /bɑːk/ (General American) IPA(key): /bɑɹk/ Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)k Homophone: barque === Etymology 1 === From Middle English barken, berken, borken, from Old English beorcan (“to bark”), from the Proto-West Germanic *berkan (“to bark”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerg- (“to make a noise, growl, bark”), from *bʰer- (“to drone, hum, buzz”). Cognate with Icelandic berkja (“to bark, bluster”), Icelandic barki (“throat, windpipe”), dialectal Lithuanian burgė́ti (“to growl, grumble, grouch, quarrel”), Serbo-Croatian brbljati (“to murmur”). For the noun, compare Old English beorc, bearce (“barking”).. ==== Verb ==== bark (third-person singular simple present barks, present participle barking, simple past and past participle barked) (intransitive) To make a short, loud, explosive noise with the vocal organs (said of animals, especially dogs). Synonyms: give tongue, (rare) latrate (intransitive) To make a clamor; to make importunate outcries. (transitive) To speak sharply. ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Translations ===== ==== Noun ==== bark (plural barks) The short, loud, explosive sound uttered by a dog, a fox, and some other animals. (figuratively) An abrupt loud vocal utterance. (music) The quick opening of the hi-hat cymbal as it is hit, followed by its timely closing. ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Translations ===== ==== Interjection ==== bark The sound of a dog barking. Synonym: woof ===== Translations ===== === Etymology 2 === From Middle English bark, from Old English barc (“bark”), from Old Norse bǫrkr (“tree bark”), from Proto-Germanic *barkuz, probably related to *birkijǭ (“birch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵós (compare Latin frāxinus (“ash”), Lithuanian béržas (“birch”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵ- (“to gleam; white”) (compare English bright); akin to Danish bark, Icelandic börkur, Low German borke and Albanian berk (“bast”). ==== Noun ==== bark (countable and uncountable, plural barks) (countable, uncountable) The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree. (medicine) Peruvian bark or Jesuit's bark, the bark of the cinchona from which quinine is produced. Hard candy made in flat sheets, for instance out of chocolate, peanut butter, toffee or peppermint. The crust formed on barbecued meat that has had a rub applied to it. The envelopment or outer covering of anything. ===== Usage notes ===== Usually uncountable; bark may be countable when referring to the barks of different types of tree. ===== Synonyms ===== (exterior covering of a tree): rind ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Translations ===== ==== Verb ==== bark (third-person singular simple present barks, present participle barking, simple past and past participle barked) To strip the bark from; to peel. To abrade or rub off any outer covering from. To girdle. To cover or inclose with bark, or as with bark. ===== Derived terms ===== barking iron ringbark ===== Translations ===== === Etymology 3 === From Middle English barke (“boat”), from Middle French barque, from Late Latin barca, a regular syncope of Vulgar Latin *barica, from Classical Latin bāris, from Ancient Greek βᾶρις (bâris, “Egyptian boat”), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare, “small boat”), from Demotic Egyptian br, from Egyptian bꜣjr (“transport ship”). Doublet of barge, barque and baris. ==== Alternative forms ==== barque ==== Noun ==== bark (plural barks) (obsolete) A small sailing vessel, e.g. a pinnace or a fishing smack; a rowing boat or barge. (poetic) A sailing vessel or boat of any kind. (nautical) A vessel, typically with three (or more) masts, with the foremasts (or fore- and mainmasts) square-rigged, and mizzenmast schooner-rigged. ===== Descendants ===== → Welsh: barc ===== Translations ===== === Etymology 4 === (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) ==== Noun ==== bark (plural barks) (slang, obsolete) An Irish person. ==== References ==== John Camden Hotten (1873), The Slang Dictionary 1890, John Stephen Farmer, William Ernest Henley, Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present: A to Byz (page 124) === Anagrams === brak, kbar, krab == Albanian == === Etymology === From Proto-Albanian *báruka, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰor-uko-, from *bʰer- (“to carry”). Compare Messapic βάρυκα (báruka). A doublet of bie, barrë, and barrë. Another reconstruction is Proto-Albanian *bárkʷa-, from earlier *bʰórkʷu- "belly", from a PIE *bʰorkʷó-, from *bʰer- (“to carry”). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /baɾk/ === Noun === bark m (plural barqe, definite barku, definite plural barqet) (anatomy) belly Synonym: abdomen (technical) stomach or intestines as parts of the digestive system Synonyms: stomak, zorrë pelvic cavity, uterus Synonyms: kavitet pelvik, mitër all offspring a mother births to with the same male (human or animal) Synonym: pjellë Motër e vëlla nga dy barqe ― Brother and sister from two mothers (ethnography) lineage, all offspring of the same mother Synonym: gji Janë të një barku ― They're of the same mother (figurative) generation Synonym: brez Bark pas barku ― Generation after generation convex side of an object, bulge, curve Synonym: e mysët Mur me bark ― Curved wall (figurative, colloquial) interior part of an object, the hollow part Synonyms: gji, brendësi (in the singular) the middle part of timeline Synonym: mes Barku i javës ― The middle of the week (medicine) diarrhea, dysentery Synonyms: diarre, purth, spirë, nevojë e hollë, dizenteri (figurative, colloquial) heart (in the sense of bravery) Synonyms: zemër, shpirt Me gjithë bark ― With all my heart ==== Declension ==== ==== Derived terms ==== === Further reading === “bark”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006 == Danish == === Etymology 1 === From Old Norse bǫrkr. ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /bark/, [b̥ɑːɡ̊] ==== Noun ==== bark c (singular definite barken, not used in plural form) bark (covering of the trunk of a tree) ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 2 === From Old Norse barki ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /bark/, [b̥ɑːɡ̊] ==== Noun ==== bark c (singular definite barken, plural indefinite barker) bark (large sailing boat) ===== Inflection ===== === References === “bark” in Den Danske Ordbog “bark,2” in Den Danske Ordbog == Dutch == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /bɑrk/ Hyphenation: bark Rhymes: -ɑrk === Etymology 1 === (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) ==== Noun ==== bark m (plural barken, diminutive barkje n) the bark of certain trees, used for its tannin === Etymology 2 === From Middle Dutch barke, from Old French barque. ==== Noun ==== bark f (plural barken, diminutive barkje n) barge, a large type of rowing or sailing boat ===== Descendants ===== → Sranan Tongo: barki === Anagrams === brak, krab == Faroese == === Etymology === From Danish bark, from Middle French barque, from Late Latin barca, from Vulgar Latin barica, from Ancient Greek βάρις (báris, “Egyptian boat”), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare, “small boat”), from Egyptian bꜣjr (“transport ship, type of fish”), === Noun === bark f (genitive singular barkar, plural barkir) (nautical) bark: A three-masted vessel, having her foremast and mainmast square-rigged, and her mizzenmast schooner-rigged. ==== Declension ==== ==== Synonyms ==== barkskip === Further reading === "bark" at Sprotin.fo == Middle English == === Alternative forms === barke === Etymology === From Old English bark, from Old Norse bǫrkr, from Proto-Germanic *barkuz. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /bark/ === Noun === bark (plural barkes) bark (a tree's covering, often used in leatherworking or as a pharmaceutical). The exterior layer of a nut or other fruit. (rare, Late Middle English, figurative) A shallow look at something. ==== Derived terms ==== barker barkyn ==== Descendants ==== English: bark Scots: bark ==== References ==== “bark, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 12 August 2018. == Norwegian Bokmål == === Etymology 1 === From Old Norse bǫrkr. ==== Noun ==== bark m (definite singular barken, uncountable) bark (outer layer of trunks and branches of trees and bushes) ===== Derived terms ===== hjernebark ==== See also ==== bork (Nynorsk) === Etymology 2 === From Late Latin barca, via French barque. ==== Noun ==== bark m (definite singular barken, indefinite plural barker, definite plural barkene) (nautical) a barque or bark (type of sailing ship) === References === “bark” in The Bokmål Dictionary. == Norwegian Nynorsk == === Etymology === From Late Latin barca, via French barque. === Noun === bark m (definite singular barken, indefinite plural barkar, definite plural barkane) (nautical) a barque or bark (type of sailing ship) === References === “bark” in The Nynorsk Dictionary. == Old Polish == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /ba(ː)rk/ IPA(key): (15th CE) /bark/, /bɒrk/ === Etymology 1 === Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bъrkъ ==== Noun ==== bark m inan (attested in Greater Poland) shoulder (part of the body between the base of the neck and forearm socket) (agriculture) swingletree, whiffletree, whippletree ===== Descendants ===== Polish: bark === Etymology 2 === ==== Noun ==== bark m animacy unattested alternative form of barg === References === Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “bark”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN Mańczak, Witold (2017), “bark”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000), “bark”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish) Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965), “bark”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego Brückner, Aleksander (1927), “bark”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “bark”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN Ewa Deptuchowa, Mariusz Frodyma, Katarzyna Jasińska, Magdalena Klapper, Dorota Kołodziej, Mariusz Leńczuk, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, editors (2023), “bark”, in Rozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych [Dictionaries of Polish glosses, an Internet database] (in Polish), Kraków: Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk == Polish == === Etymology 1 === Inherited from Old Polish bark. ==== Pronunciation ==== Rhymes: -ark Syllabification: bark ==== Noun ==== bark m inan (related adjective barkowy) shoulder (part of the body between the base of the neck and forearm socket) Synonym: ramię (architecture, historical) side extension of a fort or fortification (in the plural) upper back (area including the shoulder blades from one shoulder to the other) shoulder (side edge of the tire tread) shoulder (bending the arc of a horseshoe, half-moon, half-ring or buckle) (obsolete, agriculture) swingletree, whiffletree, whippletree Synonym: orczyk (obsolete, architecture) arch Synonyms: pałąk, obłąk (Middle Polish) shoulder (thicker and higher part of an animal's hind legs) (Middle Polish) arch (any bend in an object) ===== Declension ===== ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Related terms ===== === Etymology 2 === Borrowed from English barque. First attested in the 20th century. Doublet of barka. ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /ˈbark/ Rhymes: -ark Syllabification: bark ==== Noun ==== bark m inan (related adjective barkowy) (nautical) barque (sailing vessel) ===== Declension ===== === Etymology 3 === (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) First attested in 1600–1750. ==== Pronunciation ==== (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /ˈbark/, /bɒrk/ ==== Noun ==== bark m inan (Middle Polish) tool or vessel used in certain crafts or trades Alternative form: barka === References === === Further reading === bark in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN barki in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN Maria Renata Mayenowa; Stanisław Rospond; Witold Taszycki; Stefan Hrabec; Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023), “bark”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish] Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814), “bark”, in Słownik języka polskiego Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “bark”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861 J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “bark”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 98 bark in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego == Slovincian == === Etymology === Borrowed from German Barke. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈbark/ Rhymes: -ark Syllabification: bark === Noun === bark m inan (related adjective barkôwy) small boat on a wagon === Further reading === Lorentz, Friedrich (1908), “bãrk”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch‎[8] (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 16 == Swedish == === Etymology 1 === From Old Norse bǫrkr, from Proto-Germanic *barkuz. ==== Noun ==== bark c (uncountable) bark (covering of the trunk of a tree) ===== Declension ===== ===== Derived terms ===== barkbröd === Etymology 2 === Borrowed from Dutch bark, from French barque. ==== Noun ==== bark c barque (type of ship) Synonym: barkskepp ===== Declension ===== ===== Related terms ===== barka === References === bark in Svensk ordbok (SO) bark in Svenska Akademiens ordböcker bark in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB) == Turkish == === Etymology === From Proto-Turkic *b(i)ark (“home”). === Noun === bark (definite accusative barkı, plural barklar) (idiomatic) home ==== Declension ==== ==== Synonyms ==== ev hane ==== Derived terms ==== barklı barksız ==== See also ==== evsiz barksız evli barklı === Further reading === Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “bark”, in Nişanyan Sözlük