-uus

== Finnish == === Alternative forms === -us (see the usage notes) === Etymology === From Proto-Finnic *-uc ~ *-uuc; traditionally it has been argued that the short vowel is original, and that the development of the suffix has been significantly influenced by analogy (see details below); however, a long vowel has also been proposed as primary. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /-uːs/, [-uːs̠] === Suffix === -uus (front vowel harmony variant -yys, linguistic notation -UUs) Forms nouns from adjectives or other nouns, expressing a quality of being that which is described: -ness, -hood, -ity, -th, -ship ‎punainen (“red”) + ‎-uus → ‎punaisuus (“redness”) ‎nerokas (“ingenious”) + ‎-uus → ‎nerokkuus (“ingenuity”) ‎pyhä (“holy”) + ‎-yys → ‎pyhyys (“holiness”) ‎jyrkkä (“steep”) + ‎-yys → ‎jyrkkyys (“steepness”) ‎hauras (“brittle”) + ‎-us → ‎hauraus (“brittleness”) ‎kaunis (“beautiful”) + ‎-us → ‎kauneus (“beauty”) ‎komea (“handsome”) + ‎-us → ‎komeus (“handsomeness”) ‎leveä (“wide”) + ‎-ys → ‎leveys (“width”) ‎nerokas (“ingenious”) + ‎-uus → ‎nerokkuus (“ingenuity”) ‎mestari (“champion”) + ‎-uus → ‎mestaruus (“championship”) ==== Usage notes ==== As a main rule, the suffix is added to the stem of the adjective, replacing any final vowel: ‎kova (“hard”) + ‎-uus → ‎kovuus (“hardness”) ‎kylmä (“cold”) + ‎-uus → ‎kylmyys (“coldness”) ‎paksu (“thick”) + ‎-uus → ‎paksuus (“thickness”) ‎suuri (“big”) + ‎-uus → ‎suuruus (“size”) ‎sinise- (“blue”) + ‎-uus → ‎sinisyys (“blueness”) The stem usually remains in the strong grade, but some exceptions remain as evidence of the original short vowel. In particular, all derivatives based on comparatives show the weak grade, e.g. alempi (“lower”) → *alemmus > alemmuus (“lowerness”), rather than **alempuus. As noted above, the suffix additionally appears shortened to -us whenever it is preceded by a second vowel. Note that this includes contracted long vowels, as in *harmaɣa > harmaa (“gray”) → harmaus (“grayness”). Derivatives from adjectives ending in -is may in some cases show an unexpected alternation to -e-, as in the above-seen kauneus in place of expected **kaunius. Some exceptions to this overall scheme occur, e.g. äiti (“mother”) → äitiys (“motherhood”), in place of expected **äityys. Very rarely, both allomorphs may even occur in parallel, e.g. lapsi (“child”) → lapsuus (“childhood; period of life”), yet lapseus (“childhood; state of being a child”). With past participles, the use of this suffix is somewhat more complicated. In the case of past active participles (-nut), the suffix is not directly attached to the stem. Instead, an intermediate -is- is added, resulting in a suffix like -(e)isuus (e.g. kuollut > kuolleisuus, estynyt > estyneisyys, uupunut > uupuneisuus). With past passive participles (-ttu), the suffix is added directly to the stem (tunnettu > tunnettuus), but these can sound somewhat contrived even to native speakers, who may be inclined to avoid them. ==== Declension ==== ==== Derived terms ==== === References === === Further reading === Auli Hakulinen with Maria Vilkuna, Riitta Korhonen, Vesa Koivisto, Tarja Riitta Heinonen, and Irja Alho (2004), “§ 175 Ominaisuus käsitteenä: UUs-sanojen ominaisuuksia”, in Iso suomen kielioppi‎[1], Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, →ISBN Auli Hakulinen with Maria Vilkuna, Riitta Korhonen, Vesa Koivisto, Tarja Riitta Heinonen, and Irja Alho (2004), “§ 176 Muita UUs-sanojen merkityksiä: heikkous, teollisuus”, in Iso suomen kielioppi‎[2], Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, →ISBN Auli Hakulinen with Maria Vilkuna, Riitta Korhonen, Vesa Koivisto, Tarja Riitta Heinonen, and Irja Alho (2004), “§ 177 Pitkä vs. lyhyt U: korkeus ja ohuus”, in Iso suomen kielioppi‎[3], Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, →ISBN Auli Hakulinen with Maria Vilkuna, Riitta Korhonen, Vesa Koivisto, Tarja Riitta Heinonen, and Irja Alho (2004), “§ 178 Mitä U:n edellä: kauneus, alttius, lapsuus, katoavaisuus”, in Iso suomen kielioppi‎[4], Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, →ISBN === Anagrams === suu == Ingrian == === Etymology === From Proto-Finnic *-uc. Cognates include Finnish -uus and Estonian -us. === Pronunciation === (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /-uːs/, [-uːz̠] (Soikkola) IPA(key): /-uːs/, [-uːʒ̥] === Suffix === -uus (front vowel variant -yys) Forms nouns from adjectives, expressing a quality; -ness ‎syvä (“deep”) + ‎-uus → ‎syvvyys (“depth”) ==== Usage notes ==== The suffix is always appended to the oblique stem. When following a short stressed syllable, the long form -uus is used. In all other cases, the alternative form -us is used instead: ‎pitä- + ‎-uus → ‎pittuus ‎vanh- + ‎-uus → ‎vanhus Note that since the suffix -kas always carries secondary stress, the derivatives in -uus also always contain a long vowel: ‎voimakka- + ‎-uus → ‎voimakkuus ==== Declension ==== ==== Derived terms ==== === References === V. I. Junus (1936), Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎[5], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 58 == Latin == === Alternative forms === -vus === Etymology === Inherited from Proto-Italic *-wos, from Proto-Indo-European *-wós. === Pronunciation === (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [u.ʊs] (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [u.us] (stressed on the antepenult) === Suffix === -uus forms adjectives on verbal stems contiguus, succiduus, vacuus ==== Usage notes ==== Originally forming the perfect active participle, as in ambiguus (“having wandered”), mortuus (“having died”), vacuus (“having been empty”). The form -vus is used after vowels, l, and r, and -uus after all other other consonants, with the exception of qu. In this last case, the form -us is used. ==== Declension ==== First/second-declension adjective. ==== Derived terms ====