-ina
التعريفات والمعاني
== Translingual ==
=== Suffix ===
-ina
(taxonomy) Used to form names of subtribes of animals
(taxonomy) Used to form names of suborders of animals
(taxonomy) Used to form names of taxa subordinate to the higher rank from which they are derived
(taxonomy) Used to form names of genera from other genera indicating a smaller size of organism
==== Derived terms ====
== English ==
=== Etymology ===
From Italian -ina and its etymon Classical Latin -īna. In some instances perhaps also partly via Spanish -ina.
=== Suffix ===
-ina
Used to form feminine nouns.
Synonym: -ine
Used to form names of musical instruments.
==== Derived terms ====
=== References ===
== Asturian ==
=== Suffix ===
-ina f
-y (forming diminutives of feminine nouns)
==== Related terms ====
-ín
== Catalan ==
=== Etymology 1 ===
==== Suffix ====
-ina f
feminine singular of -í
==== Suffix ====
-ina f (noun-forming suffix, plural -ines)
forms diminutives
joc m (“game”) + -ina → joguina f (“toy”)
mantell m (“cloak”) + -ina → mantellina f (“mantilla”)
forms names of plants, animals, tools, and other nouns related to a base noun or verb
taronja (“orange”) + -ina → taronjina (“orange blossom”)
sang (“blood”) + -ina → sanguina (“blood orange”)
moltó (“wether (castrated ram)”) + -ina → moltonina (“sheepskin”)
escopir (“to spit”) + -ina → escopina (“spit, saliva”)
===== Derived terms =====
=== Etymology 2 ===
==== Suffix ====
-ina f (noun-forming suffix, plural -ines)
-ine (used to form names of chemical substances)
===== Derived terms =====
=== Further reading ===
“-ina”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2026
“-ina” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
== Czech ==
=== Etymology ===
Inherited from Old Czech -ina, from Proto-Slavic *-ina.
=== Pronunciation ===
IPA(key): [ ɪna]
Rhymes: -ɪna
=== Suffix ===
-ina f (noun-forming suffix)
noun forming suffix
pustý + -ina → pustina
list + -ina → listina
kráva + -ina → kravina
==== Derived terms ====
=== Further reading ===
Substantiva tvořená příponou -ina, Naše řeč (1938)
-ina in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017
== Finnish ==
=== Suffix ===
-ina (front vowel harmony variant -inä, linguistic notation -inA)
alternative form of -na (suffix deriving nouns from verbs)
== Indonesian ==
=== Etymology ===
Borrowed from Spanish -ina.
=== Pronunciation ===
IPA(key): /ˈina/
=== Suffix ===
-ina
used to form some female names
Devi + -ina → Devina
Karen + -ina → Karenina
==== Notes ====
Some names already have this ending and do not derived with this suffix, for example Safina (from Arabic سَفِينة (safīna, “ship”)) or Sabrina (from Arabic صَابْرِينَا (ṣābrīnā), ultimately from English).
== Interlingua ==
=== Etymology ===
Borrowed from English -ine, French -ine, Italian -ina, Portuguese -ina/Spanish -ina, all ultimately from Latin -īna.
=== Pronunciation ===
IPA(key): /ˈina/
=== Suffix ===
-ina
(chemistry) forms nouns from nouns, denoting a technical term for a substance; container
caseo (“cheese”) + -ina → caseina (“caseine”)
globulo (“globule”) + -ina → globulino (“globuline”)
vacca (“cow”) + -ina → vaccina (“vaccine”)
==== Derived terms ====
=== References ===
Alexander Gode; Hugh E. Blair (1955), Interlingua: A Grammar of the International Language, →ISBN
== Italian ==
=== Alternative forms ===
-lina
=== Pronunciation ===
IPA(key): /ˈi.na/
Rhymes: -ina
Hyphenation: -ì‧na
=== Etymology 1 ===
From Latin -īna.
==== Suffix ====
-ina f (noun-forming suffix, plural -ine)
inflectional suffix used to form diminutives of feminine nouns
mano (“hand”) + -ina → manina (“small hand”)
coperta (“blanket”) + -ina → copertina (“cover”)
used to form the feminine of masculine nouns and given names
eroe (“hero”) + -ina → eroina (“heroine”)
Giuseppe + -ina → Giuseppina
used to form collective numerals
cinquanta (“fifty”) + -ina → cinquantina (“a total of about fifty”)
used to derive nouns denoting a profession
Croce Rossa (“Red Cross”) + -ina → crocerossina (“Red Cross nurse”)
used to derive nouns denoting an ethnic or geographical origin
Alessandria (“Alessandria; Alexandria”) + -ina → alessandrina (“female native or inhabitant of Alessandria or Alexandria”)
used to derive adjectives denoting composition, color or other qualities
==== Suffix ====
-ina f (non-lemma form of adjective-forming suffix)
feminine singular of -ino (suffix forming relational adjectives and demonyms)
smeraldo (“emerald”) + -ina → smeraldina (“emerald (relational; feminine singular); emerald green (feminine singular)”)
=== Etymology 2 ===
==== Suffix ====
-ina f (noun-forming suffix, plural -ine)
(chemistry) used to form names of chemical substances; -ine
=== Derived terms ===
=== See also ===
-etta
-uccia
=== Anagrams ===
ain, ani
== Latin ==
=== Pronunciation ===
(Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈiː.na]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈiː.na]
=== Etymology 1 ===
Nominalization of the feminine form of -īnus (“of or pertaining to”). For the nouns naming locations, perhaps compare the feminine gender of taberna (“shop, store”). Nouns in -īna with abstract senses, such as medicīna f (“practice of medicine”), can be interpreted as adjectives in agreement with a noun ars f (“art”) that is omitted by ellipsis.
==== Suffix ====
-īna f (genitive -īnae); first declension
Used to form nouns describing places where a certain activity is carried out, or abstract nouns naming activities
opifex (“worker, craftsman, artisan”) + -īna → officīna (“workshop, workroom”)
coquus (“cook”) + -īna → coquīna (“kitchen; cookery”)
fodiō (“to dig”) + -īna → fodīna (“mine”)
medicus (“doctor, physician”) + -īna → medicīna (“medicine; cure; practice of medicine”)
Used to form nouns or names denoting female beings
gallus (“rooster, cock”) + -īna → gallīna (“hen”)
cloāca (“sewer”) + -īna → Cloācīna (“goddess of the Cloaca Maxima”)
===== Usage notes =====
Nouns in -īna often show syncope of an internal syllable preceding the suffix, as in doctor, doctrīna; figulus (“potter”), figlīna (“potter's workshop”); opifex (“craftsman, artisan, worker”), officīna (“workshop”); and discipulus, disciplīna. Some have alternative forms without syncope, sometimes attested specifically in the context of Old Latin, such as discipulīna and opificīna (found in Plautus). Many nouns in -īna are built on nouns that serve as the name of professions or occupations, including a number of formations in -trīna from agent nouns in -tor.
===== Declension =====
First-declension noun.
===== Synonyms =====
(forms nouns denoting places): -āria, -ārium, -tōrium
===== Derived terms =====
=== Etymology 2 ===
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
==== Suffix ====
-īna
inflection of -īnus:
nominative/vocative/ablative feminine singular
nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural
=== References ===
== Māori ==
=== Suffix ===
-ina
passive ending (used for words ending in 'a')
==== Derived terms ====
== Old Czech ==
=== Etymology ===
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ina.
=== Pronunciation ===
IPA(key): (13th CE) /ˈina/
IPA(key): (15th CE) /ˈina/
=== Suffix ===
-ina f (noun-forming suffix)
noun forming suffix
druh + -ina → družina
pustý + -ina → pustina
slabý + -ina → slabina
hostiti + -ina → hostina
==== Usage notes ====
This suffix causes first palatalisation of the preceding consonant.
==== Declension ====
==== Derived terms ====
==== Descendants ====
Czech: -ina
== Old Polish ==
=== Etymology ===
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ina.
=== Pronunciation ===
IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /ina/
IPA(key): (15th CE) /ina/
=== Suffix ===
-ina
forms feminine nouns of various meanings
==== Derived terms ====
==== Descendants ====
Polish: -ina
== Polish ==
=== Alternative forms ===
-yna
=== Etymology ===
Inherited from Old Polish -ina.
=== Pronunciation ===
IPA(key): /ˈi.na/
Rhymes: -ina
Syllabification: -i‧na
Homophone: Ina
=== Suffix ===
-ina f
appended to nouns or proper nouns, often surnames (ending with -a and -g, -ge, -go) to form nouns meaning: wife of
Synonym: -owa
(obsolete) appended to animals to mean meat of
(obsolete) appended to trees to form nouns meaning: forest of
forms feminine nouns of various meanings
==== Declension ====
==== Derived terms ====
=== Further reading ===
-ina in Polish dictionaries at PWN
== Portuguese ==
=== Etymology 1 ===
==== Suffix ====
-ina f (noun-forming suffix, plural -inas)
(chemistry) -ine, -in
===== Derived terms =====
=== Etymology 2 ===
==== Suffix ====
-ina f (noun-forming suffix, plural -inas)
female equivalent of -ino
==== Suffix ====
-ina f (non-lemma form of adjective-forming suffix)
feminine singular of -ino
=== Further reading ===
“-ina”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
== Serbo-Croatian ==
=== Etymology ===
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ina.
=== Suffix ===
-ina (Cyrillic spelling -ина)
Suffix appended to words to create feminine nouns.
Suffix appended to words to create a possessive form of feminine nouns.
Suffix appended to noun roots to form an augmentative (the resulting noun is always feminine) frequently with pejorative or negative connotation.
==== Declension ====
==== Derived terms ====
=== See also ===
-arina
-enina
== Slovak ==
=== Etymology ===
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ina.
=== Suffix ===
-ina f
suffix used to form feminine nouns denoting geographical features, landscapes, slopes, or depressions
dol (“bottom”) + -ina → dolina (“valley”)
kotol (“kettle”) + -ina → kotlina (“basin”)
strmý (“steep”) + -ina → strmina (“precipice; steep slope”)
šikmý (“slanted”) + -ina → šikmina (“slope; incline”)
suffix used to form collective nouns denoting stands, groves, or groupings of specific plants, trees, or vegetation
jelša (“alder”) + -ina → jelšina (“alder grove”)
lopúch (“burdock”) + -ina → lopušina (“burdock patch”)
borovica (“pine”) + -ina → borina (“pine forest”)
buk (“beech”) + -ina → bučina (“beech forest”)
suffix used to form nouns denoting specific categories or groups of plants, agricultural crops, or vegetation
byľ (“stalk”) + -ina → bylina (“herb; plant”)
zelený (“green”) + -ina → zelenina (“vegetables”)
ozimný (“winter (adj.)”) + -ina → ozimina (“winter crop”)
suffix used to form nouns denoting animal products, specifically meat, fats, or pelts
divý (“wild”) + -ina → divina (“venison; game meat”)
bravčový (“pork (adj.)”) + -ina → bravčovina (“pork (meat)”)
hovädzí (“beef (adj.)”) + -ina → hovädzina (“beef (meat)”)
slaný (“salty”) + -ina → slanina (“bacon”)
kožuch (“fur, skin”) + -ina → kožušina (“fur; pelt”)
suffix used to form nouns denoting a characteristic smell, aroma, or quality, often unpleasant
myší (“mouse (adj.)”) + -ina → myšina (“smell of mice”)
pleseň (“mold”) + -ina → plesnina (“mustiness; smell of mold”)
stuchlý (“musty”) + -ina → stuchlina (“musty odor”)
suffix used to form expressive or colloquial nouns denoting nonsense, jokes, or fun
pes (“dog”) + -ina → psina (“fun; joke”)
krava (“cow”) + -ina → kravina (“bullshit; nonsense”)
kôň (“horse”) + -ina → konina (“nonsense”)
suffix used to form nouns denoting fractions or quantitative groupings
osem (“eight”) + -ina → osmina (“one eighth”)
desať (“ten”) + -ina → desatina (“one tenth”)
menší (“smaller”) + -ina → menšina (“minority”)
väčší (“larger”) + -ina → väčšina (“majority”)
suffix used to form nouns denoting types of matter, materials, waste, or biological remains
zdochlý (“dead”) + -ina → zdochlina (“carcass; cadaver”)
hluchý (“barren”) + -ina → hlušina (“gangue; waste rock”)
zem (“earth”) + -ina → zemina (“soil; earth material”)
suffix used to form nouns denoting the result of an action or a concrete object created by a process
čmáraný (“scribbled”) + -ina → čmáranina (“scribble; scrawl”)
zlúčený (“combined”) + -ina → zlúčenina (“compound; combination”)
nový (“new”) + -ina → novina (“news; novelty”)
==== Usage notes ====
When attached to stems ending in hard consonants, the suffix -ina triggers softening or palatalisation of the preceding consonant. Apart from regular softening (e.g., n → ň), the velar consonants undergo the following shifts:
k → č (e.g., buk → bučina); h or g → ž (e.g., druh → družina); ch → š (e.g., lopúch → lopušina).
==== Declension ====
==== Derived terms ====
== Slovene ==
=== Etymology ===
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ina.
=== Pronunciation ===
IPA(key): /-ina/, /-ìːna/
=== Suffix ===
-ina or -ína f
added to adjectives to form an abstract noun
==== Derived terms ====
== Slovincian ==
=== Etymology ===
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ina.
=== Pronunciation ===
IPA(key): /ˈi.na/
=== Suffix ===
-ina (f)
forms feminine nouns
==== Derived terms ====
== Spanish ==
=== Etymology 1 ===
Borrowed from French -ine.
==== Suffix ====
-ina f (noun-forming suffix, plural -inas)
(chemistry) -ine
(biochemistry) -in
=== Etymology 2 ===
==== Suffix ====
-ina f (noun-forming suffix, plural -inas)
female equivalent of -ino (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
==== Suffix ====
-ina f (non-lemma form of adjective-forming suffix)
feminine singular of -ino
=== Derived terms ===
=== Further reading ===
“-ina”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025
== Upper Sorbian ==
=== Etymology ===
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ina.
=== Suffix ===
-ina f
forms feminine nouns of various meanings