-ii

== Translingual == === Etymology === Borrowed from Latin -ii, the genitive form of -ius, a masculine suffix often appended to non-Latin names in order to Latinize them (e.g. Shakespeārius). === Pronunciation === English: (US) IPA(key): /i.aɪ/, (rare, imitating Latin) /i.i/ === Suffix === -ii (feminine -ae, no neuter) Creates eponymous specific epithets relating to a male namesake when appended to their surname. ‎English Sanderson (surname) + ‎-ii → ‎sandersonii (“Sanderson's, of Sanderson”, whence also a presumed nominal Latin *Sandersōnius.) ==== Derived terms ==== == English == === Etymology === From rebracketing of plural forms like radii (plural of radius), borrowed from Latin. Latin forms the nominative plural of second-declension nouns by replacing -us with -ī, which results in plural forms that end in -iī for nouns with singulars ending in -ius. Some English speakers occasionally extend -ii to form nonstandard plural forms of English nouns that end simply with the letters -us or with other letter sequences with a similar pronunciation (such as -is /ɪs/). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): (variously) /aɪ/, /i.aɪ/, /iː/ === Suffix === -ii Misspelling of -i. Used to form nonstandard, uncommon, often humorous alternative plural forms of nouns that end in -us, -is or a similar sound. Examples: ‎Elvis + ‎-ii → ‎Elvii ‎penis + ‎-ii → ‎penii ‎virus + ‎-ii → ‎virii ‎walrus + ‎-ii → ‎walrii ‎fetus + ‎-ii → ‎fetii ‎stewardess + ‎-ii → ‎stewardii ‎Airbus + ‎-ii → ‎Airbii ==== Usage notes ==== All such forms are nonstandard, and therefore may be proscribed. For certain forms, such as cactii, a standard spelling with -i (cacti) exists; in this case, the -ii spelling may be simply a misspelling of the -i form. Other innovative plurals in -ii, such as stewardii, bear no resemblance to any standard plural form of the word; these may be used as intentionally nonstandard forms, often for the sake of humor. Compare the (often humorous) intentional use of nonstandard plural forms in -en. == Gagauz == === Etymology === Compare Balkan Gagauz Turkish -iy. === Suffix === -ii (Cioc-Maidan, Avdarma, Vulcănești, Etulia, Cișmichioi) alternative form of -er === Further reading === Dinçaslan, M.F. (2023). Gagavuz Türkçesi Ana Ağız Alanları ile Alt Ağız Gruplarının Şimdiki Zaman Ekinin Varyantlarına Göre Tasnifi. Uluslararası Türk Lehçe Araştırmaları Dergisi / International Journal of Turkic Dialects (TÜRKLAD). 7. Cilt, 2. Sayı, 369-38 == Italian == === Etymology === From Latin -īvī (via -īī). Example: Italian finii, from Latin finivi. === Suffix === -ii (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix) used with a stem to form the first-person singular past historic of regular -ire verbs === References === == Latin == === Suffix === -iī inflection of -ius: nominative/vocative masculine plural genitive masculine/neuter singular == Malay == === Suffix === -ii alternative form of -2 == Navajo == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /-ìː/ === Suffix === -ii nominalizer, creating agentive nouns from verbs and adjectives: "that which [verbs]", or "that which [is of adjective quality]"; compare English -er ==== Usage notes ==== Example: from the verb hataał (“he sings”) + -ii, we can make a noun for hataałii (“singer”) ==== Derived terms ==== ==== See also ==== -í -ígíí == Palula == === Etymology === (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /-ii, -i/ === Suffix === -ii Genitive suffix ==== Alternative forms ==== -íi (With accent-shifting nouns) -e (Biori) -í (With accent-shifting nouns in Biori) === References === Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “-ii”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎[1], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN