-fold

== English == === Etymology === From Middle English -fold, -fald, -fauld, from Old English -feald (“-fold”), from Proto-West Germanic *-falþ, from Proto-Germanic *-falþaz (“-fold”), from Proto-Indo-European *-poltos (“-fold”), from *pel- (“to fold”). Cognate with Dutch -voud, Swedish -faldig (“-fold”), Latin -plus, -plex, Ancient Greek -παλτος (-paltos), -πλος (-plos), -πλόος (-plóos). More at fold. === Pronunciation === === Suffix === -fold Used to make adjectives meaning times. There has been a threefold increase in inflation ( = inflation is three times what it was before) 1991, Vittoria Cioce; Vince Castronovo; Barry M. Shmookler; et. al, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, "Increased Expression of the Laminin Receptor in Human Colon Cancer" [1] The cancer tissue in two of the ... specimens ... exhibited a dramatic 23-fold increase in the laminin-receptor-mRNA levels. Used to make adverbs meaning times. Inflation has increased threefold ( = inflation is three times what it was before) ==== Usage notes ==== Some writers and speakers use constructions like "an increase by twofold" to mean "a twofold increase". This can lead to confusion, as the logical rendering of "an increase by twofold" would imply "a 200% increase of the original amount" and the latter "an increase to 200% of the original amount". Caution should be taken to avoid such confusion. Typically, -fold takes no preposition. In scientific contexts, "-fold" is sometimes appended to numerals (with the same sense), as in a 2010 paper by M.C. Stone et al., which mentions "10-fold up-regulation of the number of growing microtubules" in its abstract. ==== Derived terms ==== Note: -fold can be combined with the word for any positive integer. The words listed below are some of the most common combinations. These words are not hyphenated. ==== Translations ==== === Anagrams === FLOD == Danish == === Etymology === From Old Norse -faldr, from Proto-Germanic *-falþaz. See fold === Suffix === -fold (rare) Used to make adjectives meaning times. Used to make adverbs meaning times. 2010, Knud H. Thomsen, Knud H. Thomsen (Pichard), Klokken i Makedonien, Gyldendal A/S (→ISBN) ==== Synonyms ==== gange ==== Derived terms ==== ==== See also ==== -foldig === References === “-fold” in Ordbog over det danske Sprog “-fold” in Den Danske Ordbog == Middle English == === Alternative forms === -fald, -falde, -feld, -folde, -vald -feald (Early Middle English) === Etymology === Inherited from Old English -feald, from Proto-West Germanic *-falþ, from Proto-Germanic *-falþaz. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /-fɔːld/ (Northern) IPA(key): /-faːld/ (Early Middle English) IPA(key): /-fɑːld/ === Suffix === -fold Forms adjectives meaning "times" or "parts"; -fold. ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== English: -fold Scots: -fauld, -faul, -fald Yola: -vold ==== References ==== “-fōld, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.