čakls

== Latvian == === Alternative forms === (dialectal form) čekls === Etymology === Derived from an obsolete verb tekt (“to rush, to run, to flow”), from Proto-Indo-European *tekʷ- (“to run, to flow”), whence also tecēt (“to flow”); the meaning changed from “moving quickly” to “working hard.” The e → a change parallels tecēt, taka (“path”). The t → č change (palatalization) is not regular in Latvian, which suggests either an expressive or affective feature (compare aiča, meiča, from aita (“sheep”), meita (“girl, daughter”)), or the former existence of parallel forms with a and e: *tekls + *takls → *tʲakls; compare dialectal čekls ([tʃækls]). Note that the same stem also palatalized in Tocharian cake (“river”), Avestan 𐬙𐬀𐬐 (tak, “stream, torrent”); since both the ancient Balts and the Tocharians were in direct contact with Northern Iranian tribes, this palatalization may be the result of Iranian influence. Cognates include Sanskrit तकुः (tákuḥ, “hurried, quick, mobile”), तक्वः (takváḥ, “fast, quick”) (compare तक्ति (takti, “to hurry”), Ossetian тӕх (tæx, “quick stream, torrent; quick, fast, turbulent; dedicated”), Ancient Greek ταχύς (takhús, “swift, quick, agile”). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): [tʃakls] === Adjective === čakls (definite čaklais, comparative čaklāks, superlative visčaklākais, adverb čakli) industrious, hard-working, diligent (who works well, who works a lot) čakls darbinieks ― industrious employee čakls skolnieks ― hard-working student čaklākā stradniece ― the most industrious (female) worker čakls kolektīvs ― hard-working team čakls kā skudra, kā bite ― industrious as an ant, a bee (i.e., very industrious) ==== Declension ==== ==== Synonyms ==== aktīvs centīgs cītīgs, uzcītīgs darbīgs izdarīgs nasks strādīgs ==== Derived terms ==== čaklība čaklums === References ===