wesan

== Old Dutch == === Etymology === From Proto-West Germanic *wesan, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes-. === Verb === wesan to be ==== Conjugation ==== ==== Descendants ==== Middle Dutch: wēsenDutch: wezenAfrikaans: weesJersey Dutch: wêzeNegerhollands: wees, wisLimburgish: waeze ==== Further reading ==== “wesan”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012 == Old English == === Alternative forms === weosan — Anglian wosa, wossa — Lindisfarne Gospels Northumbrian wesa — Rushworth Gospels Mercian, hapax legomenon === Etymology 1 === From Proto-West Germanic *wesan, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes-. The simple present forms originate from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”), which had no infinitive or past tense in Proto-Germanic, but had already formed a single paradigm with *wesaną supplying the infinitive and past tense. ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /ˈwe.sɑn/, [ˈwe.zɑn] Rhymes: -e.sɑn ==== Verb ==== wesan to be, exist late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of The Consolation of Philosophy c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 9:12 ===== Usage notes ===== The verbs bēon and wesan both mean to be, but in different circumstances. Wesan is used for the present tense in most contexts. For the future and for what is known as the "gnomic present", bēon is used; see it for more information. Both bēon and wesan are copulative verbs, which means they are not transitive and do not take a direct object. Because of this, predicate nouns and adjectives will be in the nominative case. For example: Hēo is iċ ("She is I"), not *Hēo is mē ("She is me"). In the Anglian dialects, the present plural indicative form earon occurred alongside the sind/sindon forms. This has sometimes been attributed to influence or loaning from the Old Norse cognate vera/vesa, but an inherited reflex of the verb's Proto-West Germanic first- and/or second-person plural forms (which were deleted from all verbs throughout North Sea Germanic, with the possible exception of the word uton) is also possible. A regularised present plural indicative form wesaþ is also attested a few times in the works of Aldred. This hypercorrect form may have been influenced by the imperative plural (which was identical to the present plural indicative in typical strong and weak verbs), or perhaps the infinitive. ===== Conjugation ===== ===== Synonyms ===== bēon ===== Derived terms ===== ætwesan (“to be present”) forewesan (“to be before”) ġewesan (“to be together”) nesan (“to be not”) wist (“being”) === Etymology 2 === From Proto-West Germanic *wesan, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną (“to consume, feast”), derived from Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to graze”). The only (possible) attestation is in the form weaxan in line 3115 of Beowulf, argued to be a misspelling of weosan. ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /ˈwe.sɑn/, [ˈwe.zɑn] Rhymes: -e.sɑn ==== Verb ==== wesan to consume or feast ===== Usage notes ===== The precise verb class is unknown. It is shown here according to what would be its etymologically inherited form, a class 5 strong verb. ===== Conjugation ===== ===== Descendants ===== >? Middle English: wesen (“to tend flocks, pasture”) === Etymology 3 === From Proto-West Germanic *wōsijan, from Proto-Germanic *wōsijaną, from *wōsą. ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /ˈweː.sɑn/, [ˈweː.zɑn] Rhymes: -eː.sɑn ==== Verb ==== wēsan to soak; to macerate; to dye to ooze ===== Conjugation ===== ===== Derived terms ===== wēsa wēsing ===== Related terms ===== wōs ===== Descendants ===== Middle English: wesen English: weeze Scots: weese, weeze, wease === Further reading === John R. Clark Hall (1916), “wesan”, in A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary‎[3], 2nd edition, New York: Macmillan, page 350 Joseph Bosworth; T. Northcote Toller (1898), “wesan”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, second edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. === References === == Old High German == === Alternative forms === sīn (less common infinitive, but became common over time) === Etymology === From Proto-West Germanic *wesan, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes-. === Verb === wësan to be, exist ==== Conjugation ==== ==== Derived terms ==== giwësan (past participle) (in some descendants, the strong -en ending was replaced by the weak -t ending, or elided) Central Franconian: jewäs Cimbrian: gabéest, gebest German: gewesen Hunsrik: gewees, geweest Luxembourgish: gewiescht Pennsylvania German: gewest ==== Descendants ==== Middle High German: wësen Alemannic German: si, sii, siin, sinh, ŝchi Swabian: Bavarian: sain Cimbrian: sain, soin, zèinan Mòcheno: sai' Northern Bavarian: [z̥ai̯] Central Franconian: sein, senn, sinn Hunsrik: sin Luxembourgish: sinn East Central German: Erzgebirgisch: [saɪ] Upper Saxon German: Vilamovian: zajn East Franconian: German: sein (all forms); Wesen Rhine Franconian: sei, senn, sinn Frankfurterisch: [sɑ̃ɪ] Pennsylvania German: sei Yiddish: זײַן (zayn) == Old Saxon == === Etymology === From Proto-West Germanic *wesan, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes-. The forms in b- derive from Proto-Germanic *beuną (“to be, exist, become”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to grow, become, appear”). === Verb === wesan to be ==== Conjugation ==== ==== Synonyms ==== sīn (rare infinitive) ==== Descendants ==== Middle Low German: wēsen, sînLow German: wesen, ween, waen == Tok Pisin == === Etymology === From English white sand. === Noun === wesan sand ==== Related terms ==== nambis