urgeo

== Latin == === Alternative forms === urgueō === Etymology === Disputed. According to De Vaan, perhaps from Proto-Italic *worɣeō, from Proto-Indo-European *w(o)rǵʰ-éye-ti, from *werǵʰ- (“bind, squeeze”) (compare German würgen (“to strangle”), Lithuanian ver̃žti (“to string, tighten, constrict”), Russian отверга́ть (otvergátʹ, “to reject”), Polish otwierać (“to open”), English worry, wring. The linguist Lucien van Beek argues that the proposed Germanic and Balto-Slavic cognates all can refer to the tying of ropes, a semantic sense that is absent from the Latin term. Thus, van Beek doubts a connection with *werǵʰ- (“bind, squeeze”). Instead, van Beek compares the term to Ancient Greek εἴργω (eírgō) and suggests that the term may derive from the zero-grade of the root *h₁wreǵ-. According to Rix et al. (DIV), from a zero-grade present *uṛg-éye-ti, itself from the root Proto-Indo-European *wreg- (“track, hunt, follow”) and cognate with English wreck, wreak. However, De Vaan argues that such a development requires a "far-fetched" semantic shift. The linguist Nicholas Zair suggests that a causative formed the same root, with the meaning of "to cause to follow a trail," may have more reasonably evolved to mean "to drive, push." Regardless, Zair doubts this etymology, as causatives or iteratives in Proto-Indo-European typically required the o-grade, instead of the zero-grade predicted by Rix. Zair, however, concedes that an o-grade causative *wrog-éye-ti may have produced urgeō via metathesis, a development perhaps also seen in sorbeō, itself from Proto-Indo-European *srobʰéyeti. === Pronunciation === (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈʊr.ɡe.oː] (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈur.d͡ʒe.o] === Verb === urgeō (present infinitive urgēre, perfect active ursī); second conjugation, no supine stem to press, push, force, drive, urge (forward); to stimulate Synonyms: stimulō, īnstīgō, īnstinguō, exciō, irrītō, sollicitō, concieō, excitō, concitō, impellō, īnflammō, cieō, incendō, moveō, mōlior, adhortor, ērigō Antonyms: domō, lēniō, sōpiō, sēdō, dēlēniō, restinguō, plācō, coërceō, mītigō, commītigō, ēlevō, levō, allevō, alleviō to weigh down, burden, oppress Synonyms: opprimō, sepeliō, supprimō, premō to crowd, hem in, confine Synonyms: inclūdō, claudō, coërceō, arceō, minuō ==== Conjugation ==== ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== === References === “urgeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press “urgeo”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette. Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎[1], London: Macmillan and Co. William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “urge”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 644 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 697 Nicholas Zair (2017), “The origins of -urC- for expected -orC- in Latin”, in Glotta‎[2], volume 93, →ISSN, pages 10-11 Lucien van Beek (November 2024), “Latin follis and vellō as evidence for a sound change *-lǵh- > *lɣ > ll with an excursus on Greek λάχνη, ἀμφιλαχαίνω and cognates”, in Glotta‎[3], volume 100, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, page 224