turma

== Catalan == === Etymology === Probably from a pre-Roman root. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): (Central, Balearic) [ˈtur.mə] IPA(key): (Valencia) [ˈtuɾ.ma] === Noun === turma f (plural turmes) animal testicle ==== Hypernyms ==== testicle === Further reading === “turma”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], April 2007 == Finnish == === Etymology === Possibly borrowed from Proto-Norse [Term?] (compare Icelandic tyrma (“to overwhelm”)), although disputed by LÄGLOS on the grounds that the Germanic word only has a narrow distribution and thus may not be that old. Related to Livvi turmu. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈturmɑ/, [ˈt̪urmɑ̝] Rhymes: -urmɑ Syllabification(key): tur‧ma Hyphenation(key): tur‧ma === Noun === turma accident, especially one with casualties (dead or injured) (poetic) ruin, destruction ==== Declension ==== ==== Derived terms ==== === References === === Further reading === “turma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎[1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 3 July 2023 === Anagrams === murat, rumat == Latin == === Etymology === Probably related to turba. === Pronunciation === (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈtʊr.ma] (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈtur.ma] === Noun === turma f (genitive turmae); first declension a troop, squadron of cavalry, team (in general) a troop, crowd, company, throng, band, body ==== Declension ==== First-declension noun. ==== Derived terms ==== turmālis turmāriī turmātim ==== Descendants ==== === References === “turma”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press “turma”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers "turma", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887) “turma”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette. “turma”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers “turma”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin == Polish == === Pronunciation === Rhymes: -urma Syllabification: tur‧ma === Etymology 1 === Borrowed from German Turm, from Middle High German turn, turm, from Old High German torn, from Old French, from Latin turris. Doublet of turnia. ==== Alternative forms ==== tiurma, torma ==== Noun ==== turma f (related adjective (Middle Polish) turemny) (archaic) prison Synonyms: więzienie, ciupa (figurative) burden, fetters, shackles Synonyms: brzemię, pęta, więzy (Middle Polish, games) type of game ===== Declension ===== ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 2 === Learned borrowing from Latin turma. ==== Noun ==== turma f (Middle Polish) crowd, flock, group Synonyms: gromada, grupa, kupa (historical, military) the smallest cavalry unit in ancient Rome ===== Declension ===== === Further reading === turma in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN turma in Polish dictionaries at PWN “TURMA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 28.05.2021 J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1919), “turma”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 7, Warsaw, page 171 turma in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego Brückner, Aleksander (1927), “turma”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna == Portuguese == === Etymology === From Latin turma (“crowd, company”), perhaps a borrowing. Compare Italian torma. === Pronunciation === === Noun === turma f (plural turmas) a group of people gang (number of friends) class (group of students who commenced or completed their education during a particular year) === Further reading === “turma”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026 “turma”, in Dicionário infopédia da Lingua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2026 “turma”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026 == Romanian == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈtur.ma/ Rhymes: -urma Hyphenation: tur‧ma === Noun === turma definite nominative/accusative singular of turmă (“herd”) == Spanish == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈtuɾma/ [ˈt̪uɾ.ma] Rhymes: -uɾma Syllabification: tur‧ma === Noun === turma f (plural turmas) testicle a kind of potato ==== Derived terms ==== === Further reading === “turma”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025