trzymać

== Old Polish == === Etymology === Inherited from Proto-Slavic *trimati. First attested in the 14th century. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /tr̝imat͡ɕʲ/ IPA(key): (15th CE) /tr̝imat͡ɕʲ/ === Verb === trzymać impf (attested in Lesser Poland) to hold (having grabbed something, to not let go) (attested in Lesser Poland) to grab, to take (attested in Greater Poland) to cooperate with someone, to be someone's accomplice [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom’] (figuratively, attested in Lesser Poland) to take hold of; to engulf; to rule over (attested in Greater Poland) to hold (to own, to keep) (attested in Greater Poland) to hold prisoner (attested in Lesser Poland) to hold, to keep (to have and work in a position) (attested in Greater Poland) to keep (to not give away; to observe e.g. a rule) to consider as to keep, to hold (to have something in a particular place) (attested in Silesia) to contain (to have within oneself) (attested in Lesser Poland) to receive, to gain (attested in Greater Poland) to belong to (attested in Masovia) to maintain, to sustain (to support someone) to maintain (to be of the opinion) to agree with [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom’] (reflexive with się, attested in Sieradz-Łęczyca, Greater Poland) to stick to, to adhere to something [with na (+ accusative) ‘to what’] to refer to [with ku (+ dative) ‘to what’] The meaning of this term is uncertain. ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Related terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== Polish: trzymać→ Czech: třímat Silesian: trzimać → Old Ruthenian: тримати (trimati), тримать (trimatʹ), трымати (trymati) Belarusian: трыма́ць (trymácʹ) Carpathian Rusyn: три́мати (trýmaty) Ukrainian: трима́ти (trymáty) === References === Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “trzymać”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN Mańczak, Witold (2017), “trzymać”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “trzymać”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN == Polish == === Etymology === Inherited from Old Polish trzymać. === Pronunciation === Rhymes: -ɘmat͡ɕ Syllabification: trzy‧mać === Verb === trzymać impf (transitive) to hold (to keep something in one's hand, fingers, teeth, etc., not letting go) [with w (+ locative) ‘in what’] [with na (+ locative) ‘on what’] [with za (+ accusative) ‘by what’] Synonyms: dzierżyć, utrzymywać Antonym: puszczać (transitive) to hold, to keep (to cause a person or animal to stay somewhere against his, her, or its will) (transitive) to keep (to place something somewhere so as to have it in that location for some period of time) Synonym: przechowywać (transitive) to keep (to be the reason someone does not leave a place) (intransitive) to stick with, to hang around with (to eagerly keep contact with someone, support that person, and in turn receive support from that person) [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom’] (transitive) to keep, to hold onto (to not lose e.g. a trait despite the passage of time) (transitive, dated) to keep (to share one's property under certain stipulations) (transitive, colloquial) to keep (to rear; to ensure the growth of an animal) Synonyms: chować, hodować (transitive) to keep (to cause someone to remain to be in or have a particular state) [with w (+ locative) ‘in what’] Synonyms: podtrzymywać, utrzymywać (transitive) to keep (to perform an action) (intransitive) to keep, to hold (to not fall apart; to not cause to fall apart; to bond strongly) Antonym: puszczać (transitive) to keep (to not pass; to not cease; to continue or last) Synonyms: trwać, utrzymywać się Antonym: puszczać (transitive) to keep (to supervise someone; to keep eye on) (transitive) to keep (to have somewhere) (transitive, archaic) to hold, to keep (to have something under one's management) (transitive, obsolete) to hold (to maintain or work in a particular function or position) Synonym: sprawować (intransitive, obsolete or dialectal, Western Greater Poland) to hold (to be of a particular opinion, to maintain) (transitive, obsolete) to hold (to contain or number) (transitive, obsolete) to hold, to hold up (to hold or support so as to not let fall) Synonym: podtrzymywać (transitive, obsolete) to hold, to keep (to fulfill e.g. a promise) (intransitive, obsolete) to support (to vote for; to show one's preference for) [with na (+ accusative) ‘whom’] (transitive, obsolete, hunting, of dogs) to chase for a lone time (reflexive with się) to hold onto (to grab something with one's hands to maintain a position) [with genitive ‘what’ and za (+ accusative) ‘by what’] Synonym: przytrzymywać się Antonym: puszczać się (reflexive with się) to hold oneself (to grab oneself by some body part) [with za (+ accusative) ‘by what’] (reflexive with się) to hold each other (to grab one another by some body part) [with za (+ accusative) ‘by what’] Synonym: chwytać się Antonym: puszczać się trzymać się za ręce ― to hold hands (reflexive with się) to hold onto (to be fixed to somehow so as to have one's position remain stable) [with na (+ locative)] Synonym: tkwić Antonym: odpadać (reflexive with się) to hold up (to maintain a good state despite difficulties) (reflexive with się) to stick to, to hold onto, to keep with (to maintain social or physical contact with someone) [with genitive ‘whom/what’] Synonym: przestawać (reflexive with się) to stick to (to not leave a particular place, e.g. a trail) [with genitive ‘what’] Antonym: zbaczać (reflexive with się) to stick to, to keep (to follow or maintain e.g. rules or norms) [with genitive ‘at’] Synonyms: przestrzegać, stosować się, zastosowywać się (reflexive with się) to keep, to hold on (to not be defeated, beaten, or replaced) (reflexive with się, colloquial) to keep, to stick to (to maintain some attitude) (reflexive with się, colloquial) to keep (to fight or resist) (reflexive with się, colloquial, of animals) to reside, to live somewhere (reflexive with się, colloquial, of plants) to grow somewhere Synonym: rosnąć (reflexive with się, obsolete) to stop (to cease moment or action) (reflexive with się, obsolete) to consider oneself as ==== Conjugation ==== ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== → Czech: třímat === Trivia === According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), trzymać is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 3 times in scientific texts, 1 time in news, 0 times in essays, 29 times in fiction, and 34 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 67 times, making it the 979th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words. === References === === Further reading === trzymać in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN trzymać się in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN trzymać in Polish dictionaries at PWN Maria Renata Mayenowa; Stanisław Rospond; Witold Taszycki; Stefan Hrabec; Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023), “trzymać”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish] Maria Renata Mayenowa; Stanisław Rospond; Witold Taszycki; Stefan Hrabec; Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023), “trzymać się”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish] “TRZYMAĆ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 28.04.2016 “TRZYMAĆ%20SIĘ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 06.10.2008 Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814), “trzymać”, in Słownik języka polskiego Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “trzymać”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861 J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1919), “trzymać”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 7, Warsaw, page 157 trzymać in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego trzymać się in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego Oskar Kolberg (1877), “trzymać”, in “Rzecz o mowie ludu wielkopolskiego”, in Zbiór wiadomości do antropologii krajowéj (in Polish), volume 1, III (Materyjały etnologiczne), page 28