trong

== Norwegian Nynorsk == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /trɔŋː/ === Etymology 1 === From Old Norse þrǫng. ==== Noun ==== trong m (definite singular trongen, uncountable) need ===== Synonyms ===== behov bruk === Etymology 2 === From Old Norse þrǫngr. ==== Adjective ==== trong (neuter trongt, definite singular and plural tronge, comparative trongare, indefinite superlative trongast, definite superlative trongaste) tight, narrow === Etymology 3 === ==== Verb ==== trong past of trenga === References === “trong” in The Nynorsk Dictionary. == Vietnamese == === Pronunciation === (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [t͡ɕawŋ͡m˧˧] (Huế) IPA(key): [ʈawŋ͡m˧˧] ~ [ʈɔŋ˧˧] (Saigon) IPA(key): [ʈawŋ͡m˧˧] (Vinh) IPA(key): [ʈɔŋ˧˥] === Etymology 1 === From Proto-Vietic *k-lɔːŋ (“clear; limpid”). Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 𱷥 (𱷥), an simplified form of 龍 (MC ljowng) (modern SV: long). Attested as tlao᷃ in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651). ==== Adjective ==== trong • (冲, 工, 沖, 𤁘, 𤄯, 𬈴) (of liquid) clear and thus presumably clean Antonym: đục (of a material) translucent or transparent Synonym: trong suốt ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 2 === From Proto-Vietic *k-lɔːŋ (“inside”), from Proto-Austroasiatic *kluːŋ ~ *kluəŋ (“insides; belly”). Cognates include Muong tlong, Chut [Rục] klɔːŋ¹, Pacoh callúng, Semnam kluoːŋ, Bulo Stieng kluŋ, and Khmer ក្នុង (knong). Doublet of lòng, tròng and possibly nòng. Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 工 (MC kuwng) (modern SV: công) and 共 (MC gjowngH) (modern SV: cộng). Also attested as 工 (MC kuwng) in the work Đắc thú lâm tuyền thành đạo ca (得趣林泉成道𰙔) found in the book Thiền tông bản hạnh (禪宗本行). Attested as tlao᷄ in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651). Unrelated to Chinese 中 (OC *truŋ) (B-S), which is read trung in modern Vietnamese and spelled tru᷄ in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum. Proto-Tai *klaːŋᴬ (whence Thai กลาง (glaang)) and Proto-Mienic *ɢljaŋᴬ (whence Iu Mien jaangh) might just be look-alikes. ==== Preposition ==== trong • (工, 宮, 中, 共, 𥪝, 𥪞) in; inside; within (an interior or enclosed space) trong nhà/phòng ― in(side) the house/room trong tim/lòng/bụng ― in one's heart (literally, “inside the heart/entrails/stomach”) within (an amount of time) Synonym: trong vòng trong (vòng) 4 tiếng ― within four hours in/among (a group) Synonym: trong số trong đám đông ― in/among the crowd in (a place in southern Vietnam) trong nam ― someplace in southern Vietnam; "the south" ===== Antonyms ===== ngoài ===== Graphical notes ===== In certain modern romanization of Nôm texts where this morpheme was written with 工 (MC kuwng), 共 (MC gjowngH), and 宮 (MC kjuwng), it is sometimes transcribed as ⟨cong⟩ or ⟨cung⟩. This is due to the misinterpretation of the nature of the graphemes: the phonological (and likely also phonetic) value of the morpheme that these graphemes represented at the time when they were first used was probably *klɔŋA1 (or something similar) and was the ancestor of modern trong, with the medial liquid maintained until at least the end of the Middle Vietnamese period. For a similar case, compare modern trả, giả (“to pay back, to return”) < *ɓlaːC1, used to be spelled with 把 (MC paeX) in numerous Nôm texts. The *cong and *cung romanizations are thus nothing more than ghosts, and ought to be transcripted instead as ⟨trong⟩ (if scriptor only tries to write the modern reflex) or reconstructed *klɔŋA1 (for historical value). ===== Derived terms ===== ==== Adjective ==== trong behind (an enclosed space) Antonym: ngoài phòng trong ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)