tha hoá

== Vietnamese == === Alternative forms === tha hóa === Etymology === Sino-Vietnamese word from 他 (“other, alien”) and 化 (“to change; -ize; -ate”); calque of German Entfremdung (“estrangement, alienation”). Its original meaning "to alienate, to estrange" – now only found in philosophical, especially Marxist, literature – evolves to "to turn into the opposite of something" and "to change for the worse, to worsen". === Pronunciation === (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [tʰaː˧˧ hwaː˧˦] (Huế) IPA(key): [tʰaː˧˧ hwaː˨˩˦] (Saigon) IPA(key): [tʰaː˧˧ waː˦˥] === Verb === tha hoá (philosophy) to alienate, to estrange Karl Marx (1968) [1844], “Die entfremdete Arbeit”, in Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte aus dem Jahre 1844 (Mark-Engels Werke; 40), page 516; English translation from Martin Milligan, transl. (1959), “Estranged Labour”, in Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, page 68; Vietnamese translation from “Lao động bị tha hóa”, in Bản thảo kinh tế-triết học năm 1844 (C. Mác Và Ph. Ăng-ghen Toàn Tập; 42), 2000, page 135 Karl Marx (1962) [1845], “Kritische Randglosse Nr. II”, in Die heilige Familie (Marx-Engels-Werke; 2) (in German), page 37; English translation from Richard Dixon, transl. (1956), “Critical Gloss No. 2”, in The Holy Family, page 51; Vietnamese translation from “Bình luận có tính phê phán số 2”, in Gia đình thần thánh (C. Mác và Ph. Ăng-ghen – Toàn tập; 2), 1995, pages 54-55 to turn into the opposite of something (of humans) to worsen; to degenerate; to deteriorate ==== Usage notes ==== The Chinese lookalike 他者化 (SV: tha giả hóa) means "to other, to otherize, to make or regard (a person, social group, etc.) as alien or different"; meanwhile, the Marxist sense "to alienate, to estrange" translates to Chinese 異化 (SV: dị hóa) (in Vietnamese, dị hóa is used to translate "to dissimilate"). === References ===