thừa

== Vietnamese == === Pronunciation === (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [tʰɨə˨˩] (Huế) IPA(key): [tʰɨə˦˩] (Saigon) IPA(key): [tʰɨə˨˩] === Etymology 1 === Sino-Vietnamese word from 剩. Its regular reading thặng only occurs in the word thặng dư (“surplus”), while its irregular reading thừa, which fails to retain Middle Chinese final -ŋ, is acquired from 承 (see etymology 4). Unlikely non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 餘 (“left over, extra”, SV: dư) as suggested by Haudricourt (1954). ==== Adjective ==== thừa unneeded, needless, unnecessary (exceeding what is needed); redundant, superfluous; leftover Synonyms: dư, dư thừa Đời thừa ― Redundant life (a short story by Nam Cao) động tác thừa ― redundant action còn thừa thời gian ― still [have] time to spare đồ ăn thừa ― leftover food vải thừa ― leftover textile ===== Derived terms ===== ==== Adverb ==== thừa (informal) without doubt; surely; certainly thừa biết; biết thừa ― to be well aware thừa hiểu ― to fully understand === Etymology 2 === Sino-Vietnamese word from 乘. Its regular reading thặng only occurs in thượng thặng (“first-degree, top-level (adjective); Mahayana (proper noun)”); meanwhile, its irregular reading thừa, which fails to retain Middle Chinese final -ŋ, is acquired from 承 (see etymology 4). ==== Verb ==== thừa (chiefly in fixed expressions) to take advantage of (an opportunity or situation) Hyponym: nhân ===== Derived terms ===== ==== Romanization ==== thừa Sino-Vietnamese reading of 乘 (“vehicle”) thượng thừa ― “top-notch, top-class (adjective)” ← literally, “superior vehicle (noun)” thượng thừa ― synonym of Đại thừa (literally, “superior vehicle”) Đại thừa ― Mahayana (literally, “Great vehicle”) Thanh Văn thừa ― Śrāvakayāna (literally, “Śrāvaka's vehicle”) Duyên Giác thừa ― Pratyekabuddhayāna (literally, “Pratyekabuddha's vehicle”) ===== Derived terms ===== ==== Romanization ==== thừa Sino-Vietnamese reading of 乘 (“to multiply (arithmetics)”) ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 3 === Sino-Vietnamese word from 丞. See etymology 4 for its reading thừa. ==== Romanization ==== thừa Sino-Vietnamese reading of 丞 (“to help, to assist”) ===== Derived terms ===== ==== Romanization ==== thừa Sino-Vietnamese reading of 丞 (“helper, assistant”) ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 4 === Sino-Vietnamese word from 承. Its reading thừa arises from the avoidance of Trần Thừa (陳承)'s naming taboo. 承 originally had the reading thằng which became thừa. The characters 丞 (written as 贊 to avoid the taboo) and 乘 (whose last stroke is omitted in texts), which were similar in pronunciation with 承 at the time, acquired the reading thừa from 承 as well. ==== Verb ==== thừa (chiefly in compounds) to receive (something from one's social superior[s]), to accept (something from one's social superior[s]) thừa lệnh ― to accept order thừa ân ― to be grateful (for favor received) (literally, “to receive favor”) (chiefly in compounds) to inherit con thừa tự ― heir to obey (one's social superior[s]) thừa lệnh ― ‘to obey order’ ← ‘to accept order’ khâm thừa ― to respectfully obey phụng thừa ― to obey (someone's order) ===== Derived terms ===== ==== Noun ==== thừa (obsolete) short for thừa phái (poetry) thừa ===== See also ===== khai/ khởi chuyển hợp === References === “thừa”, in Chunom.net (in Vietnamese)