stress

== English == === Etymology === From a shortening of Middle English destresse, borrowed from Old French destrecier, from Latin distringō (“to stretch out”). This form probably coalesced with Middle English stresse, from Old French estrece (“narrowness”), from Vulgar Latin *strictia, from Latin strictus (“narrow”). In the sense of "mental strain" or “disruption”, used occasionally in the 1920s and 1930s by psychologists, including Walter Cannon (1934); in “biological threat”, used by endocrinologist Hans Selye, by metaphor with stress in physics (force on an object) in the 1930s, and popularized by same in the 1950s. === Pronunciation === (UK) IPA(key): /ˈstɹɛs/, /ˈʃt͡ʃɹɛs/ (General American) IPA(key): /stɹɛs/ Rhymes: -ɛs === Noun === stress (countable and uncountable, plural stresses) (biology) A physical, chemical, infective agent aggressing an organism. (biology) Aggression toward an organism resulting in a response in an attempt to restore previous conditions. (countable, physics) The internal distribution of force across a small boundary per unit area of that boundary (pressure) within a body. It causes strain or deformation and is typically symbolised by σ or τ. Hyponyms: tensile stress, σ, shear stress, τ Coordinate terms: strain, deformation, force, pressure (countable, physics) Force externally applied to a body which cause internal stress within the body. (uncountable) Emotional pressure suffered by a human being or other animal. (countable, phonetics, loosely) A suprasegmental feature of a language having additional attention raised to a sound, word or word group by means of of loudness, duration or pitch; phonological prominence. Synonyms: emphasis, accent lexical stress;   phrase stress, prosodic stress (countable, phonetics, strictly) The suprasegmental feature of a language having additional attention raised to a sound by means of loudness and/or duration; phonological prominence phonetically achieved by means of dynamics as distinct from pitch. Synonym: stress accent Antonyms: pitch, pitch accent (uncountable) Emphasis placed on a particular point in an argument or discussion (whether spoken or written). Obsolete form of distress. (Scots law) distress; the act of distraining; also, the thing distrained. ==== Synonyms ==== (phonetics): accent, emphasis (on words in speaking): emphasis (on a point): emphasis ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Translations ==== === Verb === stress (third-person singular simple present stresses, present participle stressing, simple past and past participle stressed) (transitive) To apply force to (a body or structure) causing strain. (transitive) To apply emotional pressure to (a person or animal). (intransitive, informal) To suffer stress; to worry or be agitated. (transitive) To emphasise (a syllable of a word). (transitive) To emphasise (words in speaking). (transitive) To emphasise (a point) in an argument or discussion. ==== Synonyms ==== (phonetics): emphasise/emphasize (on words in speaking): emphasise/emphasize (on a point): emphasise/emphasize, underline ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Translations ==== ==== References ==== === Related terms === strain strait strict stringent stringency == Danish == === Etymology === Borrowed from English stress. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): [ˈsd̥ʁɛs], [ˈsd̥ʁas], [ˈsd̥ʁɑs] === Noun === stress c or n (singular definite stressen or stresset, not used in plural) stress ==== Derived terms ==== stresse (verb) stresset (adjective) == Dutch == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /strɛs/ Hyphenation: stress Rhymes: -ɛs === Etymology 1 === Borrowed from English stress. ==== Noun ==== stress m (uncountable, no diminutive) stress ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 2 === See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form. ==== Verb ==== stress inflection of stressen: first-person singular present indicative (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative imperative == French == === Etymology === Borrowed from English stress. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /stʁɛs/ === Noun === stress m (uncountable) stress (emotional pressure) ==== Derived terms ==== === Further reading === “stress”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012 == Icelandic == === Etymology === Borrowed from English stress. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): [ˈstrɛs(ː)] Rhymes: -ɛsː === Noun === stress n (genitive singular stress, no plural) stress ==== Declension ==== ==== Related terms ==== stressa stressaður == Indonesian == === Noun === stress (plural stress-stress) nonstandard spelling of stres === Adjective === stress (comparative lebih stress, superlative paling stress) nonstandard spelling of stres == Italian == === Etymology === Borrowed from English stress. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈstrɛs/ Rhymes: -ɛs Hyphenation: strèss === Noun === stress m (invariable) stress == Norwegian Bokmål == === Etymology === Borrowed from English stress. === Verb === stress imperative of stresse == Portuguese == === Pronunciation === Hyphenation: stress === Noun === stress m (plural stresses) alternative form of estresse alternative form of stresse === Further reading === “stress”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026 “stress”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026 == Spanish == === Etymology === Unadapted borrowing from English stress. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /esˈtɾes/ [esˈt̪ɾes] Rhymes: -es === Noun === stress m (plural stresses) stress Synonym: estrés ==== Usage notes ==== According to Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) prescriptions, unadapted foreign words should be written in italics in a text printed in roman type, and vice versa, and in quotation marks in a manuscript text or when italics are not available. In practice, this RAE prescription is not always followed. == Swedish == === Etymology === Borrowed from English stress. First attested in the 1950s. === Noun === stress c (uncountable) stress ==== Declension ==== === Further reading === “stress”, in Svenska Akademiens ordböcker [Dictionaries of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)