stark

== English == === Pronunciation === (General American) enPR: stärk, IPA(key): /stɑɹk/ (Received Pronunciation) enPR: stärk, IPA(key): /stɑːk/ Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)k Homophone: stock (non-rhotic, father-bother merger) === Etymology 1 === From Middle English stark, starc, from Old English stearc, starc (“stiff, rigid, unyielding, obstinate, hard, strong, severe, violent”), from Proto-West Germanic *stark, from Proto-Germanic *starkuz (“stiff, strong”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)terg- (“rigid, stiff”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian sterc (“strong”), Dutch sterk (“strong”), Low German sterk (“strong”), German stark (“strong”), Danish stærk (“strong”), Swedish stark (“strong”), Norwegian sterk (“strong”), Icelandic sterkur (“strong”). Related to starch. In the phrase stark naked: an alternation of Middle English stert naked, from stert (“tail”), a literal parallel to the modern butt naked. ==== Adjective ==== stark (comparative starker, superlative starkest) (obsolete) Hard, firm; obdurate. Severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather). (poetic, literary or archaic) Strong; vigorous; powerful. Stiff, rigid. Plain in appearance; barren, desolate. Naked. Complete, absolute, full. 1689 (first published posthumously), John Selden, Table-Talk Rhetoric is very good or stark naught; there's no medium in rhetoric. ===== Derived terms ===== starken starkly starkness ===== Translations ===== ==== Adverb ==== stark (not comparable) Starkly; entirely, absolutely. ===== Usage notes ===== In standard modern English, the adverb is essentially restricted to stark naked and phrases meaning "crazy" on the pattern of stark raving mad. ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Translations ===== === Etymology 2 === From Middle English starken, from Old English stearcian (“to stiffen, become hard, grow stiff or hard”), from Proto-Germanic *starkōną, *starkēną (“to stiffen, become hard”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)terg- (“rigid, stiff”). Cognate with German erstarken (“to strengthen”). ==== Verb ==== stark (third-person singular simple present starks, present participle starking, simple past and past participle starked) (obsolete or dialect) To stiffen. ===== Related terms ===== starkish starkly starkers === Anagrams === Karst, Trask, karst, karts, skart == German == === Etymology === From Middle High German starc, from Old High German stark, from Proto-West Germanic *stark. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ʃtark/, [ʃtaʁk], [ʃtaɐ̯k], [ʃtaːk] Homophone: stak (some speakers) === Adjective === stark (strong nominative masculine singular starker, comparative stärker, superlative am stärksten) strong (intense, powerful, unyielding) strong (having a high concentration of some ingredient, e.g. alcohol) Coordinate terms: gemischt, schwach starker Tobak ― strong stuff (of an action, especially sports) good, great, skilled (colloquial, slightly dated) brilliant, awesome (colloquial, dated) incredible, unbelievable ein starkes Stück ― an impressive feat (dated, euphemistic) overweight, fat (grammar) strong (inflecting according to a pattern distinct from another called "weak") Coordinate term: schwach ==== Declension ==== ==== Derived terms ==== === Further reading === “stark” in Duden online “stark”, in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache‎[6] (in German) Friedrich Kluge (1883), “stark”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891 == Kashubian == === Etymology === Inherited from Proto-Slavic *starъ + -k. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈstark/ Rhymes: -ark Syllabification: stark === Noun === stark m pers (female equivalent starka) grandfather Synonyms: dżadek, ópa ==== Declension ==== === Further reading === Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011), “dziadek”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎[7] “stark”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022 == Low German == === Etymology === Cognate with High German stark, Dutch sterk. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /stark/, /staːk/ === Adjective === stark (comparative starker, superlative starkst) strong, powerful ==== Declension ==== ==== Synonyms ==== dull heftig hevig ossig slimm stevig dannig düchtig swied ==== Derived terms ==== Starkde/Stärkde == Old High German == === Etymology === From Proto-Germanic *starkuz, whence also Old English stearc, Old Norse sterkr. === Adjective === stark strong ==== Derived terms ==== starchī ==== Descendants ==== German: stark Yiddish: שטאַרק (shtark) == Polish == === Etymology === Deverbal from sterczeć (starczyć). === Pronunciation === (Greater Poland): (Southern Greater Poland) IPA(key): [ˈstark] (Masovia): (Łowicz) IPA(key): [ˈstark] (Lesser Poland): (Western Lublin) IPA(key): [ˈstark] === Noun === stark m inan (Southern Greater Poland) spike, tip (that which juts out) (Western Lublin, Gałęzów) stump (old trunk without branches) Hypernym: pień Pole kole starku. ― The field near the stump. (Łowicz, Strugienice) cut down tree === Further reading === Oskar Kolberg (1877), “stark”, in “Rzecz o mowie ludu wielkopolskiego”, in Zbiór wiadomości do antropologii krajowéj (in Polish), volume 1, III (Materyjały etnologiczne), page 31 Hieronim Łopaciński (1892), “stark”, in “Przyczynki do nowego słownika języka polskiego (słownik wyrazów ludowych z Lubelskiego i innych okolic Królestwa Polskiego)”, in Prace Filologiczne (in Polish), volume 4, Warsaw: skł. gł. w Księgarni E. Wende i Ska, page 250 Halina Świderska (1929), “stark”, in Dialekt Księstwa Łowickiego (in Polish), Warsaw, →ISBN, page 135 == Slovene == === Noun === stark genitive dual/plural of starka == Swedish == === Etymology === From Old Swedish starker, from Old Norse starkr, from Proto-Germanic *starkuz, from Proto-Indo-European *sterg-. === Pronunciation === === Adjective === stark (comparative starkare, superlative starkast) strong (capable of producing great physical force) en stark tyngdlyftare ― a strong weightlifter starka muskler ― strong muscles stark som en björn ― strong as an ox (literally, “strong as a bear”) strong (capable of withstanding great physical force) strong (highly stimulating to the senses) starkt ljus ― bright light strong (having an offensive or intense odor or flavor) en stark lukt ― a strong smell (of food) hot, spicy strong (having a high concentration of an essential or active ingredient) starkt kaffe ― strong coffee strong (having a high alcoholic content) starka drycker ― strong drinks [beverages] starksprit ― hard liquor (grammar) strong (military) strong (not easily subdued or taken) ==== Declension ==== ==== Synonyms ==== (capable of producing great physical force): kraftfull (capable of withstanding great physical force): stadig (having an offensive or intense odor or flavor): frän, skarp, stickande (hot, spicy): het ==== Derived terms ==== stark som en björn / häst / oxe starkt verb, stark böjning stor stark ==== Related terms ==== styrka stärka ==== See also ==== oregelbundet verb === References === “stark”, in Svenska Akademiens ordböcker [Dictionaries of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish) stark in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922) === Anagrams === raskt