squalus

== Latin == === Etymology 1 === Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kʷálos (“sheatfish”), cognate with Ancient Greek ἄσπαλος (áspalos), Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀 (kara, “kind of fish”), Old Prussian kalis, and Old English hwæl (“whale”); more information at whale. De Vaan suggests that it might be related to Latin squāma (“scale”). De Vaan proposes that the term came to refer to a species of fish based on its scales. If this theory is accepted, the term must be pronounced as squālus. ==== Pronunciation ==== If pronounced as squalus (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈskʷa.ɫʊs] (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈskʷaː.lus] If pronounced as squālus (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈskʷaː.ɫʊs] (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈskʷaː.lus] ==== Noun ==== squalus m (genitive squalī); second declension a kind of large sea fish, thought to be a shark ===== Usage notes ===== According to De Vaan, the length of the vowel ⟨a⟩ is unknown as the word only occurs in prose. According to the archaeozoologist Andrea Guaspari, squalus most likely referred to a galeomorph or a squalomorph. ===== Declension ===== Second-declension noun. ===== Alternative forms ===== squatus ===== Descendants ===== === Etymology 2 === Possibly related to squāma (“scale”), of unknown origin. In the sense of dirty, unkempt, this word has traditionally been associated with the cognates listed at cālīgō (“darkness, mist”), although these associations are tenuous. ==== Pronunciation ==== (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈskʷaː.ɫʊs] (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈskʷaː.lus] ==== Adjective ==== squālus unkempt, dirty ===== Declension ===== First/second-declension adjective. ===== Derived terms ===== squālor squāleō squālidus === References === “squalus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press “squalus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers “squalus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 584 Andrea Guasparri (2022), “The Roman classification and nomenclature of aquatic animals: an annotated checklist (with a focus on ethnobiology)”, in Anthropozoologica‎[1], volume 57, number 2, →DOI, pages 19–100 Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 634