rough

== English == === Alternative forms === ruff (eye dialect) === Etymology === From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz. Cognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, "rough", "rugged"”). === Pronunciation === (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA(key): /ɹʌf/ (Australian, New Zealand) IPA(key): /ɹɐf/ (Northern England) IPA(key): /ɹʊf/ (Scotland, Wales) IPA(key): /ɾʌf/ Rhymes: -ʌf Homophone: ruff === Adjective === rough (comparative rougher, superlative roughest) Not smooth; uneven. Synonyms: abrasive, coarse, rugose; see also Thesaurus:rough Antonym: smooth rough hands rough stone rough surface Approximate; hasty or careless; not finished. Synonyms: almost, back-of-the-envelope, ballpark, near a rough copy a rough estimate a rough guess a rough plan Turbulent. Synonyms: agitated, tempestuous, tumultuous rough sea rough water rough weather Difficult; trying. Synonyms: challenging, hard, tough; see also Thesaurus:difficult Crude; unrefined. Synonyms: rudimentary, undeveloped; barbaric, uncouth; see also Thesaurus:crude, Thesaurus:impolite Worn; shabby; weather-beaten. Synonyms: dilapidated, ragged, wrecksome; see also Thesaurus:deteriorated (of a place) Having socio-economic problems, hence possibly dangerous. Synonyms: bad, poor the rough bit of town Violent; not careful or subtle. Synonyms: lax, negligent, slipshod; see also Thesaurus:careless rough words Loud and hoarse; offensive to the ear; harsh; grating. Synonyms: discordant, raucous, unlistenable; see also Thesaurus:cacophonous a rough tone a rough voice (of a gem) Not polished; uncut. Synonym: unpolished Harsh-tasting. Synonyms: distasteful, unstomachable; see also Thesaurus:unpalatable rough wine (chiefly UK, Ireland, colloquial, slang) Somewhat ill; sick; in poor condition. Synonyms: poorly, sickly, unwell; see also Thesaurus:ill (chiefly UK, Ireland, colloquial, slang) Unwell due to alcohol; hungover. Synonyms: baked, cooked, hangoverish, Mondayish Of or relating to the rough breathing in the Greek language. ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Translations ==== === Noun === rough (plural roughs) The unmowed part of a golf course. A rude fellow; a coarse bully; a rowdy. (cricket) A scuffed and roughened area of the pitch, where the bowler's feet fall, used as a target by spin bowlers because of its unpredictable bounce. The raw material from which faceted or cabochon gems are created. A quick sketch, similar to a thumbnail but larger and more detailed, used for artistic brainstorming. (obsolete) Boisterous weather. A piece inserted in a horseshoe to keep the animal from slipping. ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Translations ==== === Verb === rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed) To create in an approximate form. (boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent. 1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42) […] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules. (ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player. To render rough; to roughen. To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes. To endure primitive conditions. to rough it (transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping. ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Translations ==== === Adverb === rough (comparative more rough, superlative most rough) In a rough manner; rudely; roughly. ==== Derived terms ==== == Swedish == === Noun === rough c (golf) alternative form of ruff (“rough”) ==== Declension ==== === References === “rough”, in Svensk ordbok [Dictionary of Swedish] (in Swedish)