przeciw

== Old Polish == === Alternative forms === prociw === Etymology === Inherited from Proto-Slavic *protivъ. First attested in the 14th century. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /pr̝ɛt͡ɕʲif/ IPA(key): (15th CE) /pr̝ɛt͡ɕʲif/ === Preposition === przeciw [with dative] against (in opposition to) (attested in Masovia) against (protecting from) (attested in Sieradz-Łęczyca, Greater Poland) towards, heading to (attested in Greater Poland) opposite; across from, in front of (attested in Masovia) in relation to; vis-à-vis (attested in Greater Poland) for, benefiting in comparison to in contrast to for; in exchange for ==== Descendants ==== Polish: przeciw, prociw (Middle Polish) Silesian: przeciw === References === Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “przeciw”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN Mańczak, Witold (2017), “przeciw”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000), “przeciw”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish) B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “przeciw”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN == Polish == === Alternative forms === prociw (Middle Polish) === Etymology === Inherited from Old Polish przeciw. Cognate with Latin pretium (whence English price). === Pronunciation === Rhymes: -ɛt͡ɕif Syllabification: prze‧ciw Homophone: przeciw- === Preposition === przeciw [with dative or genitive] (uncommon, obsolete) against (as a protection from) Synonyms: przeciwko, wbrew Antonym: na korzyść against (in competition with) Synonym: przeciwko against (not in agreeance with) Antonym: za against (in danger of) against (experience detracting action from) (archaic) against (in opposite motion to) (obsolete) denotes object of negative emtions; for Synonym: wobec (obsolete) across (on the other side of) Synonym: naprzeciwko (obsolete) in relation to Synonyms: w stosunku do, wobec (Middle Polish) in response to (Middle Polish) about, concerning, as for Synonyms: co do, o (Middle Polish) in comparison to Synonym: w porównaniu z (Middle Polish) in contrast to (Middle Polish) denotes object of efforts (Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain. (Middle Polish) against; Further details are uncertain. === Trivia === According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), przeciw is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 8 times in scientific texts, 11 times in news, 27 times in essays, 11 times in fiction, and 11 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 68 times, making it the 951st most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words. === References === === Further reading === “przeciw”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego‎[13] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN “przeciw”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎[14] (in Polish) Maria Renata Mayenowa; Stanisław Rospond; Witold Taszycki; Stefan Hrabec; Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023), “przeciw, prociw”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish] “PRZECIW”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 23 February 2023 Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814), “przeciw”, in Słownik języka polskiego Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “przeciw”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861 J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1912), “przeciw”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 5, Warsaw, page 38 == Silesian == === Alternative forms === prociw === Etymology === Inherited from Old Polish przeciw. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈpʂɛ.t͡ɕif/ Rhymes: -ɛt͡ɕif Syllabification: prze‧ciw === Preposition === przeciw [with dative] against === Further reading === Henryk Jaroszewicz (2022), “przeciw”, in Zasady pisowni języka śląskiego (in Polish), Siedlce: Wydawnictwo Naukowe IKR[i]BL, page 121