over

== English == === Alternative forms === o'er (adverb, preposition) ower (Geordie) ouer (Early Modern spelling) ovuh (African-American Vernacular) === Pronunciation === (non-rhotic) (UK) (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ˈəʊ̯.və/ (Northumbria) IPA(key): /ˈaʊæː/ (Wales, without the toe–tow merger) IPA(key): /ˈoː.və/ (General Australian) IPA(key): /ˈəʉ̯.və/ (New Zealand) IPA(key): /ˈɐʉ̯.və/ (rhotic) (General American, Standard Canadian) IPA(key): /ˈoʊ̯.vɚ/ (monophthongization) IPA(key): [ˈoːvɚ] (Scotland) IPA(key): /ˈo.vəɾ/ Rhymes: -əʊvə(ɹ) Hyphenation: o‧ver === Etymology 1 === From Middle English over, from Old English ofer, ofor, ouer, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber (“over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“above; over”). ==== Adjective ==== over (not comparable) Finished; ended; concluded. (botany) Of a flower: wilting or withering. (informal, of an ongoing situation) Hopeless; irrecoverable. (informal) Visiting one's home or other location. Having surmounted an obstacle. (informal) Having an excess in a particular respect. Surplus to requirements. (professional wrestling slang) Of a wrestler: generating a reaction from fans. ===== Usage notes ===== Not normally used attributively (before a noun). (Attributive use occurs rarely in informal language, e.g. "an over relationship".) "Over" as a first element in British place names can mean "upper" or "higher", apparently from Old English ufera or uferra. ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Translations ===== ==== Adverb ==== over (not comparable) Describing a physical change of position or state. From one position or location to another, horizontally or approximately so, or along a route visualised as "across". Across from one side of something to the other. So as to pass above. Up one side of something, across, and then down the other side. Across something, such as an edge, and then downwards. From an upright position to a horizontal one. So as to fold towards or onto itself. On top of something, or so as to cover something. So as to reverse up/down orientation, or otherwise change orientation by rotating. So as to reverse or exchange position(s). Expressing figurative movement from one position or state across to another. Indicating a direction or location away from the speaker, usually roughly horizontally or visualised as such. Thoroughly; completely; from beginning to end. (often in compounds) To a high or excessive degree; overly; see also over-. Beyond or in excess of what is correct or expected. To a future time. Overnight (throughout the night). Indicating repetition. (US, usually with do) Again; another time; once more; over again. Used for rhetorical effect to reinforce that something was done the stated number of times. See also individual entries for phrasal verbs: go over, hand over, run over, take over, win over, etc. ===== Usage notes ===== When used in the sense "from one location to another", over implies that the two places are at approximately the same height or the height difference is not relevant. For example, if two offices are on the same floor of a building, an office worker might say I'll bring that over for you, while if the offices were on different floors, the sentence would likely be I'll bring that up [down] for you. However, distances are not constrained, e.g. He came over from England last year and now lives in Los Angeles or I moved the stapler over to the other side of my desk. ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Descendants ===== → Chinese: over → Japanese: オーバー (ōbā) → Tamil: ஓவர் (ōvar) ===== Translations ===== ==== Noun ==== over (plural overs) (cricket) A set of six legal balls bowled. Any surplus amount of money, goods delivered, etc. (informal) Something having an excess of a particular property. (gambling) A bet that a particular sporting statistic, such as points scored in a game, will be above a certain stated value. ===== Translations ===== ==== Preposition ==== over Expressing spatial relationship or movement. Above; higher than; further up than. Across, from one side to the other. Across, so as to pass above. Through or around all the parts of. On the other side of. (informal, for 'over at/in/on') At or near (a location seen as 'across' from the speaker's location). From one physical position to another via an obstacle that must be traversed vertically, first upwards and then downwards. Across (something) and then downwards. On top of; in such a way as to cover. Expressing comparison. More than (a given value, amount, limit etc.); beyond; past; exceeding. To a greater degree than. (in certain collocations) As compared to. During or throughout (a time period). Through or via (a particular transmission medium). Indicating relative status, authority, or power. In a position of having overcome (a problem or issue); past; finished with; from one state to another via a hindrance that must be solved or defeated; or via a third state that represents a significant difference from the first two. While doing an activity involving (something), especially while consuming. Concerning or regarding. Above, implying superiority after a contest; in spite of; notwithstanding. Expressing causation: due to, as the result of. (mathematics) Divided by. Synonym: (uncommon) on (poker) Separates the three of a kind from the pair in a full house. 9♦9♠9♣6♥6♠ = nines over sixes (music, more common in speech) Separates the primary chord of a slash chord from the bass note. ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Translations ===== ==== Interjection ==== over (procedure word, military) A radio procedure word meaning that the station is finished with its transmission and is expecting a response. Instructs the reader to turn the page and continue reading the other side. (obsolete, slang) Ellipsis of over the left shoulder (“expressing disbelief etc.”). ===== Coordinate terms ===== (radio procedure word): out ===== Derived terms ===== (radio procedure word): over and out ===== Translations ===== ==== Verb ==== over (third-person singular simple present overs, present participle overing, simple past and past participle overed) (UK, transitive, dialect, obsolete) To go over, or jump over. (UK, intransitive, dialect, obsolete) To run about. ==== References ==== Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans, "The semantic network for over", in The Semantics of English Prepositions: Spatial Scenes, Embodied Meaning and Cognition, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 0-521-81430 8 === Etymology 2 === From Middle English over (“riverbank, seashore, brink”), from Old English ōfer (“riverbank, seashore, brink, edge, margin, border”), from Proto-Germanic *ōferaz. Cognate with Dutch oever (“riverbank, shore”), German Ufer (“shore, shoreline, riverbank”), Low German Över (“shore, riverbank”). ==== Noun ==== over (plural overs) (rare, dialectal or obsolete) A shore, riverbank. ===== Usage notes ===== Now mostly found in place names, as in Westover or Overton, Hampshire (a town built on the River Test). Fell out of use in the 16th century. ===== References ===== A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary The Middle English Dictionary === Anagrams === -vore, Vore, rove, vore == Chinese == === Etymology === From English over. Compare Japanese オーバー (ōbā). === Pronunciation === === Adjective === over (Hong Kong Cantonese, Taiwanese Mandarin) over the top; extreme; overdone === Verb === over (Hong Kong Cantonese, Taiwanese Mandarin) to go too far; to exceed; to go overboard (Taiwanese Mandarin) to game over; to fail == Danish == === Etymology 1 === From Old Danish ofær, from Old Norse yfir. ==== Preposition ==== over above past an hour === Etymology 2 === From Old Norse ofar. ==== Adverb ==== over across asunder; in two Vil du skære bollen over? ― Would you cut the bun in two? === Etymology 3 === Shortening of overkrydder. ==== Noun ==== over c (singular definite overen, plural indefinite overe) (informal) The upper curved portion of a roll or a similar food. Jeg foretrækker overen. I prefer the top slice. ===== Inflection ===== ===== Antonyms ===== under ===== Derived terms ===== overkrydder === Etymology 4 === Borrowed from English over. ==== Noun ==== over c (singular definite overen, plural indefinite overe or overs) (cricket) A set of six legal balls bowled, an over. ===== Inflection ===== === References === “over” in Den Danske Ordbog “over,2” in Den Danske Ordbog “over,3” in Den Danske Ordbog “over,4” in Den Danske Ordbog == Dutch == === Etymology === From Middle Dutch ōver, from Old Dutch *ovar, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber, from Proto-Indo-European *upér, from *upo. Compare German ober, über, Low German over, över, English over. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈoː.vər/ Hyphenation: over Rhymes: -oːvər === Adverb === over over, above (postpositional) over (implying motion) remaining, left over passing by, going away denotes an imitative action; again, once again Ik schrijf je brief over. I will transcribe your letter. ==== Antonyms ==== (antonym(s) of “over”): onder ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Related terms ==== over- ==== Descendants ==== → Indonesian: oper === Preposition === over over about, concerning (with an amount of time) in ==== Declension ==== ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== Afrikaans: oor Berbice Creole Dutch: ofru Javindo: ofer Jersey Dutch: ôver Negerhollands: over, aobu, obu, ovoor Skepi Creole Dutch: over, ofer → Caribbean Javanese: oper, ngoper → Papiamentu: ofer, over === Interjection === over (procedure word, military) over (a radio procedure word meaning that the station is finished with its transmission and is expecting a response.) ==== Derived terms ==== over en uit over, uit en sluiten maar === Anagrams === rove, Voer, voer == Indonesian == === Etymology === Unadapted borrowing from Dutch over. Doublet of oper. === Adverb === over passing by, going away Synonym: lewat === Verb === over alternative spelling of oper === Further reading === “over”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016 == Latin == === Verb === over first-person singular present passive subjunctive of ovō == Middle Dutch == === Etymology === From Old Dutch over, from Proto-West Germanic *obar. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈɔːvər/ === Preposition === ōver over, above Antonym: onder across towards during ago, some duration in the past after, following (a duration) about, concerning due to, because of ==== Descendants ==== Dutch: over→ Indonesian: oper Limburgish: euver === Adverb === ōver over across, on the other side plenty, more than enough used up, finished once again ==== Descendants ==== Dutch: over Limburgish: euver === Further reading === “over (II)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000 “over (III)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000 Verwijs, E.; Verdam, J. (1885–1929), “over (I)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page I == Middle English == === Alternative forms === ouver, ower, ove ofer, offr (Early Middle English) our, owr (chiefly northern) === Etymology === From Old English ofer, from Proto-West Germanic *obar. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈɔːvər/, /ˈɔvər/ === Preposition === over above ==== Descendants ==== English: over (see there for further descendants) Geordie: ower Scots: ower Yola: ower, owr, oer ==== References ==== “ō̆ver, prep.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007. == Middle Low German == === Etymology === From Old Saxon ovar, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber, and Old Saxon *uvir from Proto-Germanic *ubiri. === Pronunciation === Stem vowel: ō² or ȫ¹ or ȫ² (originally) IPA(key): /ʊɒvər/, /ʏəvər/, /ʏœvər/ === Preposition === ōver or ȫver (accusative) across, moving through or over something over dat rode mêr - across the Red Sea (accusative) across, moving to the other side of something (accusative) in, across, describing the spread of something over alle lant - all across the lands / in every land (dative) across, situated on the other side of over deme watere - across the water (dative) while, over the duration of over deme werke begripen - while working on something (dative) over, at, on, on top of, describing where something is situated; does not mean above over deme dische - at the table ==== Usage notes ==== It is not clear whether the umlaut was connected with semantic differences. ==== Alternative forms ==== aver ==== Antonyms ==== (antonym(s) of “over”): under === Adverb === ōver or ȫver across, on the other side while on top of, additionally over (finished, ceased) ==== Usage notes ==== It is not clear whether the umlaut was connected with semantic differences. ==== Alternative forms ==== aver ==== Antonyms ==== (antonym(s) of “over”): under == Norwegian Bokmål == === Etymology === From Old Norse yfir. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈoːʋəɾ/ === Preposition === over above past over; more than === Adverb === over over across ==== Derived terms ==== === References === “over” in The Bokmål Dictionary. == Norwegian Nynorsk == === Etymology === From Old Norse yfir. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈoːʋɛr/, /ˈoːʋər/ === Preposition === over above past over; more than === Adverb === over over across ==== Derived terms ==== === References === “over” in The Nynorsk Dictionary. == Zazaki == === Pronoun === over opposite