obywatel

== Polish == === Etymology === Borrowed from Czech obyvatel. Displaced Middle Polish obywaciel due to Czech and Ukrainian influence. First attested in 1511–1540. Compare Slovak obyvateľ, Russian обыва́тель (obyvátelʹ). === Pronunciation === Rhymes: -atɛl Syllabification: o‧by‧wa‧tel === Noun === obywatel m pers (female equivalent obywatelka, related adjective obywatelski) citizen (legally-recognized subject or national of a state, with associated rights and obligations; a person considered in terms of this role) Synonym: (Middle Polish) obywaciel (literary) citizen (resident of a city or town, especially one with legally-recognized rights or duties) (historical) term of respect used for men chiefly during the Polish People's Republic era Synonym: pan ==== Declension ==== ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Related terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== → Kashubian: òbëwatel → Silesian: ôbywatel === Trivia === According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), obywatel is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 6 times in scientific texts, 21 times in news, 58 times in essays, 9 times in fiction, and 20 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 114 times, making it the 535th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words. === References === === Further reading === obywatel in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN obywatel in Polish dictionaries at PWN “OBYWATEL”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 23.09.2008 Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814), “obywatel”, in Słownik języka polskiego Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “obywatel”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861 J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “obywatel”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 538