niż

== Kashubian == === Etymology === Inherited from Proto-Slavic *niže. By surface analysis, univerbation of ni +‎ ż(e). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈɲiʃ/ Rhymes: -iʃ Syllabification: niż === Conjunction === niż used in comparisons, to introduce the basis of comparison; than Synonyms: anigle, aniżle, niżle, nigle === Preposition === niż introduces a comparison; than === Further reading === Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011), “aniżeli”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎[2], volume 1, page 27 “niż”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022 == Old Polish == === Alternative forms === niże === Etymology === Inherited from Proto-Slavic *niže. First attested in the 14th century. By surface analysis, univerbation of ni +‎ ż(e). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /ɲiʃ/ IPA(key): (15th CE) /ɲiʃ/ === Conjunction === niż (attested in Lesser Poland, Greater Poland) used in comparisons, to introduce the basis of comparison; than (attested in Greater Poland, Sieradz-Łęczyca, Masovia) introduces a temporal clause; before (attested in Greater Poland, Masovia) introduces a contradicting clause; but, however (attested in Greater Poland) introduces an exclusionary conditional clause; unless only The meaning of this term is uncertain. (attested in Lesser Poland) corruption of iż(e) ==== Descendants ==== Polish: niż Silesian: niż === References === Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “niż”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000), “niż”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish) B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “niż(e)”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN == Polish == === Pronunciation === Rhymes: -iʂ Syllabification: niż Homophone: nisz === Etymology 1 === Inherited from Old Polish niż. By surface analysis, univerbation of ni +‎ ż(e). ==== Conjunction ==== niż used in comparisons, to introduce the basis of comparison; than Synonyms: aniżeli, aniżeliby, niżby, niźli, niźliby, niżeli, niżeliby (obsolete or dialectal, Chełmno-Dobrzyń, Moszczonne, Southern Greater Poland, Krobia, Morownica, Central Greater Poland, Czeszewo, Ostróda, Kraplewo) before Synonym: zanim (Middle Polish) introduces a contrastive clause; not only; but, however ===== Usage notes ===== Combined forms for this word are uncommon and often formed for stylization. ===== Declension ===== ===== Alternative forms ===== niz (Masuria, Near Masovian, Czachówek, Wągrodno, Łukowiec, Sokule, Far Masovian, Stanisławów, Masovian Borderland, Radom, Kielce, Potok) ==== Preposition ==== niż introduces a comparison; than Synonyms: aniżeli, aniżeliby, od, niżby, niźli, niźliby, niżeli, niżeliby Londyn jest większy niż Warszawa. ― London is bigger than Warsaw. ===== Usage notes ===== Combined forms for this word are uncommon and often formed for stylization. ===== Declension ===== ==== Particle ==== niż (Middle Polish) only, just, merely Synonym: tylko (Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain. ===== Alternative forms ===== niże, neż, nież (Middle Polish) ==== Related terms ==== ==== Trivia ==== According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), niż is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 94 times in scientific texts, 53 times in news, 90 times in essays, 73 times in fiction, and 51 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 361 times, making it the 139th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words. === Etymology 2 === Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nizъ. First attested in 1582. ==== Noun ==== niż m inan (meteorology) depression, low (area of lowered air pressure) Synonym: depresja Antonym: wyż (geography) depression, lowland (low area) Synonym: depresja Hypernym: obniżenie depression, low (lowest level of something) Antonym: wyż ===== Declension ===== ===== Alternative forms ===== niz (Middle Polish, Western Lublin, Zakrzówek) === Etymology 3 === See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form. ==== Verb ==== niż second-person singular imperative of niżyć === Etymology 4 === See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form. ==== Verb ==== niż second-person singular imperative of nizać === References === === Further reading === “niż”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego‎[21] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN “niż”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎[22] (in Polish) Maria Renata Mayenowa; Stanisław Rospond; Witold Taszycki; Stefan Hrabec; Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023), “niż, niże, neż, nież”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish] “NIŻ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 22.03.2016 Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814), “niż”, in Słownik języka polskiego Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “niż”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861 J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “niż”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 397 Jan Karłowicz (1903), “niż, niźli”, in Hieronim Łopaciński, Wacław Taczanowski, editors, Słownik gwar polskich [Dictionary of Polish dialects] (in Polish), volume 3: L do O, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 328 == Silesian == === Etymology === Inherited from Old Polish niż. By surface analysis, univerbation of ni +‎ ż(e). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈɲiʂ/ Rhymes: -iʂ Syllabification: niż === Conjunction === niż before Synonyms: nim, podwiel, podwiela, zaczym, zanim used in comparisons, to introduce the basis of comparison; than Synonyms: aniżeli, jak === Preposition === niż introduces a comparison; than Synonyms: aniżeli, jak === Further reading === niż in silling.org