kulak

== English == === Alternative forms === koulak, kulack, Kulak === Etymology === 1877. From Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”), plural кулаки́ (kulakí). Compare also Russian раскула́чивание (raskuláčivanije, “dekulakization”), подкула́чник (podkuláčnik, “subkulak”). === Pronunciation === (UK) IPA(key): /ˈkuːlak/ (US) IPA(key): /ˈkulæk/ === Noun === kulak (plural kulaks or kulaki) (historical) A prosperous peasant in the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union, who owned land and could hire workers. ==== Usage notes ==== During Soviet state collectivization of farming in the 1920s and 1930s the label kulak, implying “tight-fisted”, was applied pejoratively to land-owning peasants in general. ==== Quotations ==== For quotations using this term, see Citations:kulak. ==== Synonyms ==== kurkul ==== Hypernyms ==== employer [⇒ thesaurus] landlord petit bourgeois ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Translations ==== === References === Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary: Tenth Edition 1997 === Anagrams === Kukla, Kulka == Czech == === Etymology === Borrowed from Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): [ˈkulak] Rhymes: -ulak Hyphenation: ku‧lak === Noun === kulak m anim (historical, derogatory) kulak, a prosperous peasant marked as an enemy of the people by the communist regime, especially in the time of forced collectivization (e. g. in Czechoslovakia 1948–cca 1960) ==== Declension ==== ==== Derived terms ==== === Further reading === “kulak”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957 “kulak”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989 “kulak”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2026 === Anagrams === kalku klaku kluka kukal kukla kulka == Indonesian == === Pronunciation === (Standard Indonesian) IPA(key): /ˈkulak/ [ˈku.lak̚] Rhymes: -ulak IPA(key): /ˈkulaʔ/ [ˈku.laʔ] Rhymes: -ulaʔ Syllabification: ku‧lak === Etymology 1 === Inherited from Malay kulak. ==== Noun ==== kulak (plural kulak-kulak) measure (of rice) === Etymology 2 === Borrowed from Javanese kulak (“to buy (up) at wholesale for resale”). ==== Verb ==== kulak (active berkulak, active mengulak, passive dikulak, imperative kulak, emphatic-jussive kulaklah) to buy for resale, to buy at wholesale (to resell at retail). ===== Derived terms ===== === Further reading === “kulak”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016 == Italian == === Alternative forms === culaco (uncommon) === Etymology === Unadapted borrowing from Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /kuˈlak/ Rhymes: -ak Hyphenation: ku‧làk === Noun === kulak m (plural kulaki) (historical) kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia) === Further reading === kulak in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana == Norwegian Bokmål == === Noun === kulak m (definite singular kulaken, indefinite plural kulaker, definite plural kulakene) form removed with the spelling reform of 2005; superseded by kulakk == Norwegian Nynorsk == === Noun === kulak m (definite singular kulaken, indefinite plural kulakar, definite plural kulakane) (pre-2005) alternative form of kulakk == Portuguese == === Noun === kulak m (plural kulaks) (historical) kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia) == Turkish == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /kuˈɫak/, [kʰuˈɫɑk] Rhymes: -ak Hyphenation: ku‧lak === Etymology 1 === Inherited from Ottoman Turkish قولاق (qulaq, “ear”), Old Anatolian Turkish قلاق (qulaq, “ear”), from Proto-Turkic *kulkak (“ear”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴 (q̊¹ul¹qq /⁠qulqaq⁠/). A possible cognate with Finnish kuulla ==== Noun ==== kulak (definite accusative kulağı, plural kulaklar) (anatomy) ear lug, earlobe Synonym: kulak kepçesi hearing, the sense of hearing (music) tuning key ===== Declension ===== ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 2 === From Russian кула́к (kulák). ==== Noun ==== kulak (definite accusative kulağı, plural kulaklar) kulak === References === === Further reading === “kulak”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu Ayverdi, İlhan (2010), “kulak”, in Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük, a reviewed and expanded single-volume edition, Istanbul: Kubbealtı Neşriyatı Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “kulak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük