không

== Muong == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /kʰoŋ¹/ === Etymology 1 === Borrowed from Vietnamese không. ==== Numeral ==== không zero === Etymology 2 === From Proto-Vietic *k-roːŋ (“river”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ruŋ ~ ruuŋ ~ ruəŋ (“river”); cognate with Vietnamese sông. ==== Noun ==== không (Mường Bi) river == Vietnamese == === Alternative forms === (Southern Vietnam) hông; hôn (hôông); hổng (abbreviations) k, ko; kg; k°; khĝ (Internet slang, text messaging) khum === Etymology === Sino-Vietnamese word from 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry. The grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier "zero" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between "zero" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from "empty, vacant" into the numeral "zero" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang3), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong). In the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam. === Pronunciation === (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] (Huế) IPA(key): [kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧] (Saigon) IPA(key): [kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧] Often reduced to a tone-bearing syllabic nasal [ŋ̍] in quick colloquial speech, especially in expressions such as không sao (“no problem”). === Adverb === không Negates the meaning of the modified verb or adjective: not not at all Synonym: chẳng idly; without doing anything else (colloquial) at a level that feels like nothing at all Việc dễ không mà cũng không làm được. ― It was a piece of cake, but you just can't even get it done. === Adjective === không only, without anything else cơm không ― only rice empty Synonym: trống vườn không nhà trống ― (please add an English translation of this usage example) (in compounds) air; space; nothing ==== Derived terms ==== === Noun === không (Can we verify(+) this sense?) clipping of không trung (“the air”) nhào lộn trên không ― freely flying midair. (Buddhism) the intangible, non-material aspect Antonym: sắc ==== Derived terms ==== === Interjection === không (to an affirmative question) no (Can we verify(+) this sense?) (to a negative question) yes === Conjunction === không or else Mặc áo vào đi, không là ốm đấy. ― You'll catch a cold unless you put these clothes on. === Particle === không Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question Used as an answer of refutation to a polar question: no ==== Usage notes ==== ==== See also ==== có; à; hả; ư === Numeral === không (cardinal number) zero hai nghìn không trăm lẻ một ― two thousand and one (literally, “two thousand zero hundred zero one”) === See also === chả; chẳng; đừng; đâu; nào; đếch (vulgar); đách (vulgar); đéo (vulgar); cóc; ứ; chớ; chứ; nỏ