iuvenis

== Latin == === Alternative forms === juvenis iuenis, iovenis, iubenis, iobenis (inscr. and codd.) zuvenis (Merovingian) I. (inscr. abbr.) === Etymology === From Proto-Italic *juwō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yéwHō. Cognate with Sanskrit युवन् (yúvan), Persian جوان (javân), Old Irish óc (early OIr: óac), Old English ġeong (whence English young). The Latin nominative singular form iuvenis is an innovation replacing expected *iuvō (compare Sanskrit युवा (yuvā)). The ending -is was introduced from i-stem nouns. However, in forms other than the nominative singular, iuvenis continues to be inflected in Latin as a consonant-stem noun. Compare canis from *ḱwṓ. The second syllable shows no vowel weakening, even though *-e- in medial open syllables usually became Latin -i-. The -e- might have been retained by analogical influence from the antonym sen- (“old man”), or alternatively, from the suffixed forms iuventūs, iuventās. === Pronunciation === (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈjʊ.wɛ.nɪs] (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈjuː.ve.nis] === Noun === iuvenis m or f (genitive iuvenis); third declension A youth, a young man, young woman, young adult (between ages 20-40), (older than an adulescens but younger than a senior/senex) Antonym: senex ==== Usage notes ==== In classical Latin, the age of a iuvenis ranged approximately from 20 to 40. In medieval Latin, the classical definition continued to be used, but the word could sometimes refer instead to younger ages such as 14-19, overlapping with the sense of classical Latin adulēscēns or even puer. ==== Declension ==== Third-declension noun. === Adjective === iuvenis (genitive iuvenis, comparative iūnior or iuvenior); third-declension one-termination adjective (non-i-stem) youthful, young Antonyms: senex, grandaevus, vetus, vetulus Near-synonyms: iuvenīlis, novus, novellus, recēns, adulēscēns ==== Usage notes ==== In Classical Latin, this adjective often implies a more specific phase of life than merely 'not yet old', typically referring to young adults rather than infants or children (which might instead be described as recēns or parvus). See the note beneath the noun for more details on the typical age range when applied to a human. There are attestations in Imperial Latin that show overlap rather than contrast with the age category denoted by the word adulēscēns. A sense 'immature' or 'not adult' is attested in New Latin. When used as an adjective of the positive degree, it is normally masculine or feminine with the same consonant-stem forms as the noun. Positive forms not shared with the noun (e.g. i-stem ablative singular iuvenī, genitive plural iuvenium, neuter nominative/accusative singular iuvene, neuter plural iuvenia) are unattested in Classical Latin, and seen only occasionally in Medieval or New Latin texts. Some i-stem forms are specifically stated to be absent by Latin grammarians. The superlative (iuvenissimus) is not attested in Classical Latin: the sense of "youngest" is expressed by other means, such as the phrase natū minimus (literally "least in age"). ==== Declension ==== Third-declension one-termination adjective (non-i-stem). ==== Related terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== === References === === Further reading === “iuvenis”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers "iuvenis", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887) “iuvenis” in volume 7, part 2, column 734, line 1 in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (TLL Open Access), Berlin (formerly Leipzig): De Gruyter (formerly Teubner), 1900–present