instrumentāl

== Livonian == === Etymology === Ultimately from Latin instrumentālis. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈinstrumentɑːl/, [ˈinˑstrumentˑɑˑl] === Noun === instrumentāl (grammar) instrumental case ==== Usage notes ==== Instrumental case is a term used by some authors (including Viitso). Its suffix (-ks) is cognate with Estonian (-ks) and Finnish (-ksi) translative case endings (which is one of its functions in Livonian) with which a comitative function (Estonian affix -ga) has been syncretized. To avoid calling it "translative/comitative" it is called "instrumental" for short. ==== Declension ==== === References === Tiit-Rein Viitso; Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), “instrumentāl”, in Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz [Livonian-Estonian-Latvian Dictionary]‎[1] (in Estonian and Latvian), Tartu, Rīga: Tartu Ülikool, Latviešu valodas aģentūra