guru

== English == === Alternative forms === goru [17th–19th c.] gooroo [19th c.] gourou (obsolete) guroo (archaic) === Etymology === Borrowed from Hindi गुरु (guru) / Punjabi ਗੁਰੂ (gurū), from Sanskrit गुरु (guru, “venerable, respectable”), originally "heavy" and in this sense cognate to English grieve and, more distantly, brute. Doublet of grave. A traditional, though flawed etymology based on the Advayataraka Upanishad (line 16) describes the syllables gu as “darkness” and ru as “destroyer”, thus ascribing the meaning of “one who destroys/dispels darkness” to the word. === Pronunciation === (UK) IPA(key): /ˈɡʊɹuː/, /ˈɡuːɹuː/, /ɡʊˈɹuː/ (US) IPA(key): /ˈɡʊɹ(ˌ)u/, /ˈɡu(ˌ)ɹu/, /ɡəˈɹu/ Rhymes: -ʊɹuː, -uːɹuː, -uː === Noun === guru (plural gurus or guru) In Indian traditions: a spiritual teacher who transmits knowledge to a shishya. [from 17th c.] (India) Any general teacher (as a term of respect). (sometimes humorous) An influential advisor or mentor. [from 20th c.] (derogatory) A fraudster or conman relying on a projected air of confidence in an obscure field. ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Related terms ==== ==== Translations ==== === Verb === guru (third-person singular simple present gurus, present participle guruing, simple past and past participle gurued) To act as a guru; to give wise advice === References === == Blagar == === Noun === guru teacher === References === Antoinette Schapper, The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 1 (2014), p. 165 == Catalan == === Etymology === From Hindi गुरु (guru) / Urdu گرو (guru) / Punjabi ਗੁਰੂ (gurū), from Sanskrit गुरु (guru, “venerable, respectable”). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈɡu.ɾu] === Noun === guru m (plural gurus) guru (spiritual teacher) === Further reading === “guru”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], April 2007 == Czech == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): [ˈɡuru] === Noun === guru m anim guru (spiritual teacher) guru (leader or expert in a field) ==== Declension ==== Also indeclinable. == Finnish == === Etymology === Ultimately from Sanskrit गुरु (guru). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈɡuru/, [ˈɡuru] Rhymes: -uru Syllabification(key): gu‧ru Hyphenation(key): gu‧ru === Noun === guru A guru ==== Declension ==== === Further reading === “guru”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎[4] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2 July 2023 == French == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ɡu.ʁu/ === Noun === guru m (plural gurus) alternative spelling of gourou == Hausa == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ɡúː.rúː/ (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA(key): [ɡʷúː.rúː] === Noun === gūr̃ū m (plural gūr̃ā̀yē, possessed form gūr̃un) A large leather belt, usually containing charms. == Hungarian == === Etymology === From Hindi गुरु (guru), from Sanskrit गुरु (guru, “heavy”). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): [ˈɡuru] Hyphenation: gu‧ru Rhymes: -ru === Noun === guru (plural guruk) guru (a Hindu or Sikh spiritual teacher) guru (leader or expert in a field) Synonyms: tanító, mester, tanítómester ==== Declension ==== === References === == Indonesian == === Alternative forms === goeroe (1901–1947) === Etymology === From Malay guru, via Old Javanese, ultimately Sanskrit गुरु (gurú, “guru, teacher, sage”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *gr̥Húṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gr̥Húš, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥h₂ús (“heavy”). Doublet of brutal and bruto. === Pronunciation === (Standard Indonesian) IPA(key): /ˈɡuru/ [ˈɡu.ru] Rhymes: -uru Syllabification: gu‧ru === Noun === guru (plural guru-guru or para guru) (education) teacher: a person who teaches, especially one employed in a school specifically, graduate of teacher professional education guru: a spiritual teacher who transmits knowledge to a shishya ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Compounds ==== === Further reading === “guru”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016 == Italian == === Etymology === From Hindi गुरू (gurū, “teacher”). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈɡu.ru/ Rhymes: -uru Hyphenation: gù‧ru === Noun === guru m (invariable) a guru (religious or spiritual leader; influential person) === Anagrams === Urgu == Javanese == === Romanization === guru romanization of ꦒꦸꦫꦸ == Latin == === Noun === gū̆rū ablative singular of gū̆rus == Lindu == === Noun === guru teacher == Maguindanao == === Etymology === Borrowed from Malay guru, from Sanskrit गुरु (gurú). === Noun === guru teacher; instructor == Malay == === Etymology === From Sanskrit गुरु (gurú, “teacher, sage”) via Old Javanese, from Proto-Indo-Aryan *gr̥Húṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gr̥Húš, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥h₂ús (“heavy”). === Pronunciation === Rhymes: -u === Noun === guru (Jawi spelling ݢورو, plural guru-guru or guru2) educator, teacher, instructor ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Compounds ==== ==== Descendants ==== Indonesian: guru → Tagalog: gulo, → guro (learned) === References === Edi Sedyawati; Ellya Iswati; Kusparyati Boedhijono; Dyah Widjajanti D. (1994), Kosakata Bahasa Sanskerta dalam Bahasa Melayu Masa Kini, Jakarta, Indonesia: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia, →ISBN, page 76 Pijnappel, Jan (1875), “ݢورو goeroe”, in Maleisch-Hollandsch woordenboek, John Enschede en Zonen, Frederik Muller, page 108 Wilkinson, Richard James (1901), “ݢورو guru”, in A Malay-English dictionary, Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh limited, page 581 Wilkinson, Richard James (1932), “guru”, in A Malay-English dictionary (romanised), volume I, Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis, page 383 === Further reading === "guru" in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) [Malay Literary Reference Centre (PRPM)] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017 == Mapudungun == === Alternative forms === gvrv === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ŋʊʐʊ/ === Noun === guru (Raguileo spelling) A fox == Old Javanese == === Etymology === Borrowed from Sanskrit गुरु (guru). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ɡu.ru/ Rhymes: -ru Hyphenation: gu‧ru === Noun === guru teacher long syllable ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== Javanese: guru → Balinese: guru === Further reading === "guru" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982. == Old Khmer == === Noun === guru Latin script form of គុរុ (“teacher, pedagogue; spiritual preceptor”) == Pali == === Alternative forms === === Etymology === Cognate with Sanskrit गुरु (guru). It is an assimilatory modification of garu. === Adjective === guru heavy venerable ==== Declension ==== === Noun === guru m teacher (clarification of this definition is needed.) ==== Declension ==== === References === Pali Text Society (1921–1925), “guru”, in Pali-English Dictionary‎, London: Chipstead == Polish == === Etymology === Borrowed from Hindi गुरू (gurū) / Urdu گرو (guru) / Punjabi ਗੁਰੂ (gurū), from Sanskrit गुरु (gurú), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *gr̥Húṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gr̥Húš, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥h₂ús (“heavy”). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈɡu.ru/ Rhymes: -uru Syllabification: gu‧ru === Noun === guru m pers (indeclinable) (Hinduism) guru (spiritual teacher) guru (advisor or mentor) === Further reading === guru in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN guru in Polish dictionaries at PWN == Portuguese == === Etymology === From Sanskrit गुरु (gurú, “venerable, respectable”), originally "heavy", from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂us. Doublet of bruto. === Pronunciation === Rhymes: -u Hyphenation: gu‧ru === Noun === guru m (plural gurus) guru (spiritual teacher) === Noun === guru m or f by sense (plural gurus) guru (advisor, mentor) === Related terms === baro- grave === Further reading === “guru”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026 “guru”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026 == Romanian == === Etymology === Borrowed from English guru or French gourou. === Noun === guru m (plural guru) guru ==== Declension ==== == Serbo-Croatian == === Noun === gȕru m anim (Cyrillic spelling гу̏ру) guru ==== Declension ==== == Slovak == === Etymology === Derived from Hindi गुरू (gurū) / Urdu گرو (guru), from Sanskrit गुरु (guru, “venerable, respectable”). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ɡuru/, [ˈɡuru] Rhymes: -uru Hyphenation: gu‧ru === Noun === guru m pers guru ==== Usage notes ==== May also be indeclinable. ==== Declension ==== === Further reading === “guru”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2026 == Swahili == === Etymology === Borrowed from Hindi गुड़ (guṛ, “jaggery”). === Pronunciation === === Noun === guru only used in sukari guru (“jaggery”) == Swedish == === Etymology === From Hindi गुरू (gurū), from Sanskrit गुरु (guru, “heavy”). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈɡʉ̟ːrɵ/ Rhymes: -ʉːrɵ === Noun === guru c guru ==== Declension ==== === References === “guru”, in Svensk ordbok [Dictionary of Swedish] (in Swedish) == Toba Batak == === Noun === guru teacher ==== Derived terms ==== marguru parguru === References === J. Warneck (1906), Tobabataksch-Deutsches Wörterbuch‎[5], Batavia: Landsdrukkerij, page 80 == Yakan == === Noun === guru teacher (of spiritual matters or martial arts)