grać

== Old Polish == === Etymology === Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jьgrati. The lack of i- versus its presence in igrać was initially conditioned; if a word beginning with jь- began a sentence then this cluster developed into i-, if it occurred after a term ending with a vowel it was lost, resulting initially in two forms that, with time, specialized in meaning. Compare skra versus iskra. First attested in the 15th century. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /ɡrat͡ɕʲ/ IPA(key): (15th CE) /ɡrat͡ɕʲ/ === Verb === grać impf (hapax legomenon) to play (to participate in a game) (hapax legomenon) to gamble ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Related terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== Polish: grać Silesian: grać === References === Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “grać I”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965), “grać”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego Mańczak, Witold (2017), “grać”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000), “grać”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish) Brückner, Aleksander (1927), “gra”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna K. Nitsch, editor (1958), “grać”, in Słownik staropolski (in Polish), volume 2, Wrocław, Kraków, Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences, page 482 B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “grać”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN Ewa Deptuchowa, Mariusz Frodyma, Katarzyna Jasińska-Różycka, Magdalena Klapper, Tomasz Kolowca, Dorota Kołodziej, Mariusz Leńczuk, Joanna Duska, Maria Bugajska, Jan German, Beata Hejmo, Iwona Nobis, Dariusz Piwowarczyk, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, editors (2024), “grać”, in Baza Leksykalna Średniowiecznej Polszczyzny [Lexical Base of Medieval Polish] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk == Polish == === Pronunciation === Rhymes: -at͡ɕ Syllabification: grać === Etymology 1 === Inherited from Old Polish grać. By surface analysis, clipping of igrać. Compare Kashubian grac. ==== Verb ==== grać impf (perfective zagrać, frequentative grywać) (ambitransitive) to play (to participate in a game) [with w (+ accusative) ‘what game’, along with z (+ instrumental) or przeciw (+ dative) ‘with/against whom’, along with o (+ accusative) ‘for what’] grać w piłkę nożną ― to play football (ambitransitive) to play (to gamble) (transitive) to play, to act (to perform a role in a play, movie, etc.) Synonyms: kreować, odgrywać, wcielać się (transitive) to play (to perform or show a play or movie somewhere) Synonym: odgrywać (ambitransitive) to play (to produce music using a musical instrument) [with na (+ locative) ‘(on) what instrument’] Synonym: odgrywać grać na gitarze ― to play guitar (transitive) to play (to produce music from a device) [with z (+ genitive) ‘from what device’] Synonym: odgrywać (ambitransitive) to play (to give off sound) Synonym: wygrywać (intransitive) to play (to attempt to achieve or gain) [with o (+ accusative) ‘for what’; or with na (+ locative) ‘(on) what’] grać na emocjach ― to play someone's emotions grać o wszystko ― to play for everything (transitive) to play, to pretend to be, to act (to act unnaturally or falsely) grać głupiego ― to play stupid Synonyms: odgrywać, udawać (intransitive) to show (of emotions, to externalize or be seen) [with w (+ locative) ‘in whom’] (intransitive, literary) to shift; to shimmer (to change colors) [with instrumental] Synonym: mienić się (intransitive, colloquial) to play well with (to suit or match something) [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with what’] Synonyms: harmonizować, pasować, współgrać (ambitransitive, card games) to play (to lay out a card on the table) [with accusative or w (+ locative) ‘what’] Synonyms: odgrywać, wychodzić, zagrywać (ambitransitive, card games) to play (to accept a particular suit as the winning suit) [with accusative or w (+ locative) ‘what suit’] (transitive, colloquial) to be on (to be in order; to function properly) Synonym: klapować (transitive, obsolete) to play with (to risk) [with instrumental ‘with what’] Synonym: bawić się (intransitive, obsolete) to play, to have fun (to spend time in a fun way) Synonym: bawić się (transitive, obsolete, law) to sue, to litigate Synonyms: procesować się, prawować się (intransitive, obsolete, of alcoholic beverages) to bubble; to ferment (transitive, obsolete, hunting) to sic (to send an animal after one's hunted animal) [with na (+ accusative) ‘after what game’] Synonym: szczuć (transitive, Middle Polish) to court (to attempt to attract) Synonym: zalecać się (transitive, Middle Polish) to make fun of, to mock Synonym: kpić (transitive, Middle Polish) to move something quickly (transitive, Middle Polish) to undulate, to wave (to cause to resemble a wave) Synonyms: falować, fałdować (Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: (transitive) to fight, to battle, to combat Synonym: walczyć (transitive, Middle Polish, euphemistic) to have sex (to have sexual relations with) Synonyms: see Thesaurus:uprawiać seks ===== Conjugation ===== Contemporary: Obsolete: ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Related terms ===== ==== Trivia ==== According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), grać is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 8 times in scientific texts, 11 times in news, 3 times in essays, 17 times in fiction, and 33 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 72 times, making it the 895th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words. === Etymology 2 === Inherited from Proto-Slavic *grajati. First attested in the 18th century. ==== Verb ==== grać impf (intransitive, hunting, of capercaillies and black grouse) to make a characteristic call during courtship display (intransitive, hunting, of hounds) to bark loudly and fiercely while chasing game Hypernym: szczekać ===== Conjugation ===== ===== Derived terms ===== === References === === Further reading === grać in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN grać in Polish dictionaries at PWN Maria Renata Mayenowa; Stanisław Rospond; Witold Taszycki; Stefan Hrabec; Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023), “grać”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish] “GRAĆ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 03.03.2016 Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814), “grać”, in Słownik języka polskiego Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “grać”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861 J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “grać”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 895 grać in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego == Silesian == === Etymology === Inherited from Old Polish grać. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈɡrat͡ɕ/ Rhymes: -at͡ɕ Syllabification: grać === Verb === grać impf (ambitransitive) to play; to gamble (to participate in a certain game, e.g. football or poker) [with accusative or na (+ accusative) or w (+ accusative) ‘what’] (ambitransitive) to play (to produce music using a musical instrument) [with accusative ‘what’ and na (+ locative) ‘(on) what instrument’] (reflexive with sie) to play (to pretend to be; to take on an imagined role) [with za (+ accusative) ‘whom/what role’] ==== Conjugation ==== ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Related terms ==== === Further reading === grac in dykcjonorz.eu grać in silling.org Henryk Jaroszewicz (2022), “grać”, in Zasady pisowni języka śląskiego (in Polish), Siedlce: Wydawnictwo Naukowe IKR[i]BL, page 81 Aleksandra Wencel (2023), “grać, grać śe”, in Dykcjůnôrz ślų̊sko-polski, pages 248-249