fraxinus

== Latin == === Etymology === From Proto-Italic *frā̆ksinos or *frā̆ksenos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥Hǵ-s-inos or *bʰr̥Hǵ-s-enos, adjective of *bʰerHǵós (“birch”). Cognate with Sanskrit भूर्ज (bhūrjá, “Himalayan birch”) (Betula utilis), English birch, Russian берёза (berjóza). === Pronunciation === (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈfraːk.sɪ.nʊs], [ˈfrak.sɪ.nʊs] (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈfrak.si.nus] The quantity of the A is uncertain, but Schrijver and De Vaan think it more likely to be short. For the change of PIE *Cr̥HCC- to Proto-Italic *CrăCC-, Schrijver compares flagrum, fragrō. For the (possible) lack of lengthening before -ǵ-s- (which might be expected based on Lachmann's Law), compare lassus from *lh₁d-to-s: Schrijver proposes that PIE stops of the traditional voiced series (which Schrijver considers to be glottalized) were neutralized with plain voiceless stops after a tautosyllabic laryngeal. Also compare maximus. === Noun === frā̆xinus f (genitive frā̆xinī); second declension an ash tree an ashen spear or javelin ==== Declension ==== Second-declension noun. ==== Derived terms ==== Frā̆sinus frā̆xineus frā̆xinētum ==== Descendants ==== === Adjective === frā̆xinus (feminine frā̆xina, neuter frā̆xinum); first/second-declension adjective of ash wood; ashen ==== Declension ==== First/second-declension adjective. === References === AIS: Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz [Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland] – map 588: “il frassino” – on navigais-web.pd.istc.cnr.it Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002), “fraxĭnus”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 3: D–F, page 771 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 186-188, 489 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “fraxinus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 240-241 === Further reading === “fraxinus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press “fraxinus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers “fraxinus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette. “fraxinus”, in William Smith, editor (1854, 1857), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume 1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly