estar

== Aragonese == === Etymology === From Latin stāre (“stand”), from PIE *steh₂-. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /esˈta(ɾ)/ Syllabification: es‧tar Rhymes: -a(ɾ) === Verb === estar to be ==== Usage notes ==== Contrary to other Iberian languages, Aragonese only makes use of one verb "to be", this means that the verb "ser" is not present. ==== Conjugation ==== == Catalan == === Etymology === Inherited from Latin stāre (“to stand”). Where the velar infix, which is characteristic chiefly for the second conjugation, comes from is unknown. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): (Central, Balearic) [əsˈta] IPA(key): (Valencia) [esˈtaɾ] Rhymes: -a(ɾ) === Verb === estar (first-person singular present estic, first-person singular preterite estiguí, past participle estat) (transitive, copulative) to be; to currently be in a state or have a characteristic (Used to connect a noun to an adjective that describes a temporary state of being.) Estic cansada. ― I am tired. (auxiliary) forms the continuous aspect, together with a present participle Ja està dormint. ― He is already sleeping. (intransitive, +adverbial phrase) to stay, to live or spending time. M’estic a una petita pensió vora el mar. ― I'm staying in a small boarding house on the seashore. ==== Usage notes ==== This is one of two verbs that can be translated as to be, the other being ser/ésser. Ser/ésser indicates something that is inherent and not expected to change or localization, whereas estar describes temporary qualities that apply only at a particular time. Ser/ésser relates to estar as essence relates to state, etymologically as well as semantically. ==== Conjugation ==== ==== Derived terms ==== benestar estada estament estança malestar ==== Related terms ==== estadant estar-se estaria === Further reading === “estar”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], April 2007 “estar”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2026 “estar” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua. “estar” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962. == Galician == === Etymology === From Old Galician-Portuguese estar, from Latin stāre (“stand”). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /esˈtaɾ/ [es̺ˈt̪aɾ] Rhymes: -aɾ Hyphenation: es‧tar === Verb === estar (first-person singular present estou, first-person singular preterite estiven, past participle estado)estar (first-person singular present estou, first-person singular preterite estivem or estive, past participle estado, reintegrationist norm) to be (copulative) to be (denotes a transient quality; a quality expected to change) [with adjective] (auxiliary) to be; forms the progressive aspect [with gerund or a (+ infinitive)] (intransitive) to cost (to be worth a certain amount of money), especially of something whose price changes often [with a ‘price’] Os ovos están a 2€ a ducia ― Eggs cost 2€ a dozen. (intransitive) to be about to; indicates imminence or [with para (+ infinitive)] to stand ==== Usage notes ==== Like Portuguese and Spanish, Galician has two different verbs that are usually translated to English as “to be”. The verb ser relates to essence, origin, or physical description. In contrast, the verb estar relates to current state or position. ==== Conjugation ==== === See also === ser === Further reading === “estar”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2026 == Ladino == === Etymology === From Latin stāre (“stand”). === Verb === estar to be, be present == Old Galician-Portuguese == === Etymology === From Latin stāre (“stand”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /es.ˈtaɾ/, /ˈstaɾ/ Rhymes: -aɾ === Verb === estar to be ==== Conjugation ==== ==== Descendants ==== Galician: estar Portuguese: estar == Old Irish == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈes.t̪əɾ/ (Blasse) [ˈes.t̪aɾ] (Griffith) [ˈes.t̪əɾ] === Verb === ·estar third-person singular present subjunctive conjunct of ithid === Mutation === == Portuguese == === Alternative forms === tar (colloquial) === Etymology === From Old Galician-Portuguese estar, from Latin stāre (“stand”). The stems estev- or estiv- found in some inflections likely come from Vulgar Latin *stēvī (perfect in -ēv-, used by some Latin second conjugation verbs), hypothetical perfect stem that displaced original Classical Latin perfect stetī. Compare the same development in Spanish estar. The present subjunctive stem estej- is by analogy with ser, sej- (which is from Latin sedēre). === Pronunciation === Homophone: está (Brazil) Hyphenation: es‧tar === Verb === estar (first-person singular present estou, first-person singular preterite estive, past participle estado) (intransitive) to be (indicates location in space) [with em ‘location’ or another locational preposition or adverb] Onde estás? ― Where are you? Estou em casa. ― I am at home. (copulative) to be (denotes a transient quality; a quality expected to change) [with adjective] O tempo estava frio. ― The weather was cold (at that moment). Estás louco? ― Are you crazy (right now)? A maçã está madura. ― The apple is ripe. (auxiliary) to be; forms the progressive aspect [with gerund (Brazil) or a (+ infinitive) (Portugal)] Ela está cantando? / Ela está a cantar? ― Is she singing? Estavam trabalhando muito. ― They were working a lot. Estávamos a ler muito. ― We had been reading a lot. Estaremos a ler livros. ― We will be reading books. (copulative) to look, to appear (to give an appearance of being) [with adjective] (intransitive) to cost (to be worth a certain amount of money), especially of something whose price changes often [with a ‘price’] Synonym: custar to stand (Brazil, intransitive) to possess, have, or have in possession [with com ‘something’] ==== Usage notes ==== See ser. For most speakers the first syllable (es-) is usually omitted in colloquial language and the full pronunciation is somewhat formal; see the clipped forms table below. In Brazil, uses of tar in the infinitive are usually replaced with tá, without the final -r. ==== Conjugation ==== Clipped forms ==== Quotations ==== For quotations using this term, see Citations:estar. ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Related terms ==== estábulo === See also === ser ter haver === Further reading === “estar”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026 “estar”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026 == Spanish == === Alternative forms === tar (Latin America, nonstandard) === Etymology === Inherited from Old Spanish estar, inherited from Latin stāre (“stand”). Compare English stand. The preterite's origin is unclear, most likely generalized from the preterite of haber (“to have”), hub- (note that b and v are pronounced identically; compare the same development in andar and tener). Compare the same development in Portuguese estar. Cognate with English state. Preterite, imperfect subjunctive and future subjunctive forms are derived from tener. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /esˈtaɾ/ [esˈt̪aɾ] Rhymes: -aɾ Syllabification: es‧tar === Verb === estar (first-person singular present estoy, first-person singular preterite estuve, past participle estado) (intransitive) to be (have a temporary or permanent location in space) (intransitive) to be (denotes a copula, in a transient fashion) to be (auxiliary verb for the progressive/continuous aspect, preceding the gerund of the verb) (intransitive) to be in a state (in a passive voice sense) (reflexive, followed by adjective) to be, stay (denotes a copula, in a transient fashion) (intransitive) to be (still) [with por (+ infinitive) ‘to be done’] (intransitive) to be in a long-term state (in specific idioms) estar muerto/a ― to be dead estar casado/a ― to be married (can also be ser casado) estar chico/a ― to be short (colloquially) ==== Usage notes ==== See ser. Contrast also with quedar. ==== Conjugation ==== Despite having a vowel in the root, estar's conjugation matches dar in the present indicative and present subjunctive tenses, with none of the forms in those tenses being stressed on the root. ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Related terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== → Bikol Central: istar → Hiligaynon: istar ==== See also ==== ser === Further reading === “estar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025 “estar”, in Diccionario de americanismos [Dictionary of Americanisms] (in Spanish), Association of Academies of the Spanish Language [Spanish: Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española], 2010