defile

== English == === Pronunciation === (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /dɪˈfaɪl/, /ˈdiː-/ (General American) IPA(key): /dəˈfaɪl/, /ˈdiˌfaɪl/ Rhymes: -aɪl Hyphenation: de‧file === Etymology 1 === From Late Middle English defilen (“to make dirty, befoul; rape; abuse; destroy; injure; oppress”) [and other forms], a variant of defoulen (“to make dirty, defile, pollute; have sexual intercourse with; rape; etc.”) (compare also defoilen). Defoulen is a blend of Middle English foulen (“to make dirty, soil, pollute”) (from the adjective foul (“dirty, rotten, stinking, corrupt, sinful, guilty”) and Old English fūlian (“to decay”)), and Old French defoler, defouler (“to trample, crush; destroy”), from de- (intensifying prefix) + foler, fouler, fuller (“to trample, tread on; mistreat, oppress, destroy”) (from Vulgar Latin fullāre (“to full (make cloth denser and firmer by soaking, beating, and pressing)”), from Latin fullō (“person who fulls cloth, fuller”); further etymology uncertain, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“to blow; to inflate, swell; to bloom, flower”) or Etruscan 𐌘𐌖𐌋𐌖 (φulu)). The English word is analysable as de- +‎ file (“to corrupt; defile”). The Middle English word defilen was probably formed from defoulen on the analogy of befilen (“to make dirty, befoul; corrupt; violate one's chastity; desecrate; slander”) and befoulen (“to make dirty, befoul; violate one's chastity; vilify”), respectively from Old English befȳlan (“to befoul, pollute, defile, make filthy”) (compare also Middle English filen (“to make foul, impure, or unclean, pollute; pollute morally or spiritually; desecrate, profane; have sexual intercourse with; rape; etc.”)) and foulen (“to make dirty, pollute; become dirty; defecate; deface or deform; pollute morally or spiritually; damage, injure; destroy; treat unfairly, oppress; tread on, trample”). Filen and foulen are respectively from Old English fȳlan (“to befoul, defile, pollute”) and Old English fūlian (“to foul”), from Proto-West Germanic *fūlijan (“to make dirty, befoul”) and *fūlēn (“to become foul, decay”), both ultimately from Proto-Germanic *fūlaz (“dirty, foul; rotten”), from Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“foul; rotten”). See foul. ==== Verb ==== defile (third-person singular simple present defiles, present participle defiling, simple past and past participle defiled) (transitive) To make (someone or something) physically dirty or unclean; to befoul, to soil. Synonyms: contaminate, pollute, spoil, sully; see also Thesaurus:dirty Antonyms: clean, purify; see also Thesaurus:make clean To make (someone or something) morally impure or unclean; to corrupt, to tarnish. To act inappropriately towards or vandalize (something sacred or special); to desecrate, to profane. Synonyms: see Thesaurus:desecrate Antonyms: hallow, sanctify; see also Thesaurus:consecrate (religion) To cause (something or someone) to become ritually unclean. (obsolete) To deprive (someone) of their sexual chastity or purity, often not consensually; to deflower, to rape. Synonyms: ravish, violate, (archaic) vitiate; see also Thesaurus:rape To dishonour (someone). (intransitive, obsolete) To become dirty or unclean. To cause uncleanliness; specifically, to pass feces; to defecate. ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Related terms ===== ===== Translations ===== === Etymology 2 === The verb is borrowed from French défiler (“to march; to parade”), from dé- (prefix indicating actions are done more strongly or vigorously) + one or both of the following: filer (“to thread through (a crowd)”) (from Late Latin filāre, from Latin fīlum (“fibre, filament, string, thread”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰiH-(s-)lo-). file (“line of objects placed one after the other, file”), from filer (see above), or fil (“thread, yarn; wire”), from Old French fil, from Latin fīlum (see above). The noun is borrowed from French défilé (“parade, procession”), a noun use of the past participle of défiler (verb); see above. ==== Verb ==== defile (third-person singular simple present defiles, present participle defiling, simple past and past participle defiled) (military, also figuratively) (intransitive, archaic) To march in a single file or line; to file. (transitive, obsolete) To march across (a place) in files or lines. ===== Translations ===== ==== Noun ==== defile (plural defiles) A narrow passage or way (originally (military), one which soldiers could only march through in a single file or line), especially a narrow gorge or pass between mountains. (military) An act of marching in files or lines. A single file of soldiers; (by extension) any single file. ===== Alternative forms ===== (sense 1): defilé, defilee (sense 2.1): défilé ===== Related terms ===== defilade defilement enfilade enfile ===== Translations ===== ===== See also ===== glen === Etymology 3 === The verb is borrowed from French défiler (“to arrange soldiers or fortify (something) as a protection from enfilading fire; to unthread”) (compare Middle French desfilher (“to unthread”)), from dé- (prefix meaning ‘not’) + enfiler (“to rake with gunfire, enfilade; to string on to a thread; to thread (a needle)”) (from en- (prefix meaning ‘in, into; on, on to’) + filer (verb) or file (noun); see etymology 2). The noun is derived from the verb. ==== Verb ==== defile (third-person singular simple present defiles, present participle defiling, simple past and past participle defiled) (transitive, military, rare) Synonym of defilade (“to fortify (something) as a protection from enfilading fire”). ===== Related terms ===== defilement ===== Translations ===== ==== Noun ==== defile (plural defiles) (military, rare) An act of defilading a fortress or other place, or of raising the exterior works in order to protect the interior. ===== Translations ===== === References === === Further reading === defile (geography) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia marching on Wikipedia.Wikipedia === Anagrams === delfie, e-filed == Indonesian == === Etymology === Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch defilé, from French défilé, from défiler (“to march past”), from file (“file”). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /deˈfile/ Hyphenation: dé‧fi‧lé Rhymes: -le, -e === Noun === défilé (plural defile-defile) parade; procession; march-past Synonym: parade ==== Derived terms ==== === Further reading === “defile”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016 == Serbo-Croatian == === Etymology === Borrowed from French défilé. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /defǐleː/ Hyphenation: de‧fi‧le === Noun === defìlē m inan (Cyrillic spelling дефѝле̄) march-past ==== Declension ==== === References === “defile”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026 == Turkish == === Etymology === Borrowed from French défilé. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /de.fiˈle/, /de.fiːˈle/ Hyphenation: de‧fi‧le === Noun === defile (definite accusative defileyi, plural defileler) A fashion parade where models walk on stage to promote clothes. A fashion show. ==== Declension ==== ==== Related terms ==== === References === === Further reading === “defile”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007), “defile”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1125