caelum

== Latin == === Pronunciation === (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈkae̯.ɫũː] (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈt͡ʃɛː.lum] === Etymology 1 === Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Italic *kailom (with a gender change to masculine), from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂i-lom (“whole”), originating in the augural sphere and indicating "the whole" as opposed to templum (“the part”) and cognate with Latin caelebs (and perhaps sincērus and caerimōnia), Russian це́лый (célyj, “whole, intact”), Proto-Germanic *hailaz. May be cognate of Oscan 𐌊𐌀𐌝𐌋𐌀 (kaíla, “perh. a kind of building”) The shift from neuter to masculine is irregular. Kroonen, however, entirely dismisses the proposed connection between this Latin term and the Germanic forms. ==== Alternative forms ==== caelus (pre-classical, otherwise rare) cael (pre-classical, in a passage of Ennius’ Annales containing other truncated forms) cælum coelum, cœlum, coelus, cœlus (Medieval Latin, New Latin) cēlum (Medieval Latin) ==== Noun ==== caelum n or m (genitive caelī); second declension heaven (where the stars and the Milky Way is) sky Horace, Epistles I.xi.27 [2] (translation Eugene Ehrlich, Say It in Latin, →ISBN Caelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt. Those who cross the sea change the sky not their spirits. climate, weather (figuratively, with ferō/extollō/ponō and ad or in, etc.) the summit of prosperity, happiness, honor in caelo ponere aliquem ― to deem someone to be the greatest, best, etc. ===== Usage notes ===== Compare with poetic aethēr denoting approximately the stratosphere, and with aethra, its glow. Compare also with the Graecism āēr, which in early Greek philosophy could denote what is now known as the troposphere, and is thus also sometimes found meaning "sky", particularly at the cloud level. ===== Declension ===== Second-declension noun (neuter). The singular is neuter, the plural masculine. In the singular, the masculine form caelus exists but is archaic. In the plural, a neuter form does not exist. The plural was classically rare and avoided, but is frequent in Christian usage, translating Hebrew שמים and Greek οὐρανοί (ouranoí). ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Descendants ===== ==== References ==== === Etymology 2 === From Proto-Italic *kaid(s)lom, from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂eyd- (“cut, hew”) (whence also caedō (“to cut”)). ==== Alternative forms ==== cēlum (post-classical) coelum ==== Noun ==== caelum n (genitive caelī); second declension chisel ===== Declension ===== Second-declension noun (neuter). ===== Related terms ===== ===== Descendants ===== → English: Caelum ==== References ==== “1caelum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press “2caelum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press “caelum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers “1 caelum”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette. “2 caelum”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette. Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎[3], London: Macmillan and Co. “caelum”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers “caelum”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin