bourgeois

== English == === Alternative forms === burgeois === Etymology 1 === Unadapted borrowing from French bourgeois (“a class of citizens who were wealthier members of the Third Estate”), from Old French burgeis (“town dweller”), from Frankish *burg, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“stronghold; city”) (whence borough). Doublet of burgess; compare also burgish. ==== Pronunciation ==== (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ˈbɔːʒ.wɑː/, /ˈbʊəʒ.wɑː/ (General American) IPA(key): /bʊɹʒˈwɑː/, /ˈbʊɹʒ.wɑː/, /bʊʒˈwɑː/, /ˈbʊʒ.wɑː/ Rhymes: -ɔː(ɹ)ʒwɑː, -ʊə(ɹ)ʒwɑː, -ɑː ==== Adjective ==== bourgeois (comparative more bourgeois, superlative most bourgeois) Of or relating to the middle class (often derogatory), and their presumed overly conventional, conservative, and materialistic values. (historical) Of or relating to the bourgeoisie, the third estate of the French Ancien Regime. (Marxism) Of or relating to the capitalist class, (usually derogatory) the capitalist exploitation of the proletariat. ===== Synonyms ===== (conventional, conservative): square ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Descendants ===== → Malay: borjuis ===== Translations ===== ==== Noun ==== bourgeois (usually uncountable, plural bourgeois) (politics, collectively, usually in the plural) The middle class. (rare) An individual member of the middle class. (usually derogatory) A person of any class with bourgeois (i.e., overly conventional and materialistic) values and attitudes. (history) An individual member of the bourgeoisie, the third estate of the French Ancien Regime. (Marxism) A capitalist, (usually derogatory) an exploiter of the proletariat. ===== Related terms ===== ===== Translations ===== ==== Verb ==== bourgeois (third-person singular simple present bourgeoises, present participle bourgeoising, simple past and past participle bourgeoised) (transitive) To make bourgeois. ==== Further reading ==== Raymond Williams (1983), “Bourgeois”, in Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, revised American edition, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, published 1985, →ISBN, page 45 === Etymology 2 === From Middle English burjois, from French Bourgois, probably from Bourges (a city in France) + -ois (forming adjectives) but possibly from bourgeois above or after Jean de Bourgeois who worked as a printer in Rouen c. 1500. ==== Pronunciation ==== (UK) IPA(key): /bəːˈdʒɔɪs/ (US) IPA(key): /bəɹˈd͡ʒɔɪs/, enPR: bər-ʹjois Rhymes: -ɔɪs ==== Noun ==== bourgeois (uncountable) (printing, dated) A size of type between brevier and long primer, standardized as 9-point. ===== Synonyms ===== (Continental printing): galliard ===== Derived terms ===== double bourgeois ===== Translations ===== == Dutch == === Etymology === Borrowed from French bourgeois. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /burˈʒʋaː/ Hyphenation: bour‧geois Rhymes: -aː === Noun === bourgeois m (plural bourgeois, diminutive bourgeoistje n) bourgeois ==== Related terms ==== bourgeoisie burgerij ==== Descendants ==== → Indonesian: borjuis == French == === Etymology === Inherited from Middle French bourgois, from Old French borgeis (“town dweller”), from borc (“fortified place, town”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“fortress”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰérǵʰs (“fortified elevation”). The path from Proto-Germanic to Old French is unclear. Perhaps via Frankish *burg or Late Latin burgus, or possibly both, and probably through the Late Latin intermediate burgensis. Compare Italian borghese, Portuguese burguês, Spanish burgués. By surface analysis, bourg +‎ -ois. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /buʁ.ʒwa/ === Adjective === bourgeois (feminine bourgeoise, masculine plural bourgeois, feminine plural bourgeoises) bourgeois ==== Derived terms ==== bourgeoisement embourgeoiser === Noun === bourgeois m (invariable, feminine bourgeoise) A member of the middle class bourgeois (archaic) an inhabitant of a town or city (archaic) someone who belongs to neither the aristocratic, clerical, nor military classes ==== Synonyms ==== bourge (slang) ==== Derived terms ==== bourgeoisie parloir aux bourgeois ==== Descendants ==== === Further reading === “bourgeois”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012 == German == === Etymology === Borrowed from French bourgeois, name for a wealthy class of French citizens in the late 18th century. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /bʊrˈʒu̯aː/, [bʊʁˈʒʋaː], [ˌbʊʁ.ʒuˈaː], [bʊɐ̯-] (standard; basic form) IPA(key): /bʊrˈʒu̯aːz-/ (standard; inflected forms) IPA(key): /bʊrˈʃu̯aː(s-)/ (often in southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland) === Adjective === bourgeois (strong nominative masculine singular bourgeoiser, comparative bourgeoiser, superlative am bourgeoisesten) bourgeois snobbish, elitist (in the context of the upper middle class) ==== Declension ==== ==== See also ==== Bourgeoisie bürgerlich proletarisch === Further reading === “bourgeois” in Duden online “bourgeois” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache