been

== English == === Etymology 1 === From Middle English been (past participle), from Old English (ġe)bēon. By surface analysis, be +‎ -en. ==== Pronunciation ==== (Received Pronunciation, Canada) IPA(key): /biːn/, /bɪn/ Homophone: bean Rhymes: -iːn Homophone: bin Rhymes: -ɪn (General American) IPA(key): /bɪn/ Homophone: bin Rhymes: -ɪn (General American, particularly common in the Great Lakes, Midwest) IPA(key): /bɛn/ Homophone: Ben Rhymes: -ɛn (US dialectal) IPA(key): /biːn/ Homophone: bean Rhymes: -iːn ==== Verb ==== been past participle of be. (Southern US or African-American Vernacular) remote past form of be. 2013, DayQuan Miller, Back Blocks, StealthMode Entertainment, page 147: She was disloyal, Casper was disloyal, so them muthafuckas gotta go. Like you said[,] we been knew we was going to have to kill Frost, so let's do it and Light too.” Star said. “Say no more. I'ma handle Kisha myself.” Max said walking to the door. ===== Further reading ===== Alexander Pollatsek; Rebecca Treiman (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Reading, Oxford Library of Psychology, →ISBN, page 433: “For example, the remote past “been” is used as part of the verb to express something that took place in the distant past: 'he been reading story books.'” Mary Kohn; Walt Wolfram; Charlie Farrington; Jennifer Renn; Janneke Van Hofwegen (2020), African American Language: Language development from Infancy to Adulthood, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 231: “Remote past 'been' ([RPB], coded on word) = been is used to mark action in the remote past; in such cases the word been is always stressed (e.g., he been[RPB] had that job; I been[RPB] bought her clothes).” === Etymology 2 === Either from Middle English been (“to be”, infinitive) (from Old English bēon, equivalent to be +‎ -en (infinitive ending)), or from a dialectal use of the preceding past tense form as an infinitive form (compare dialectal use of (I)'s, (I) is in the first person, (he) am in the third person, etc). ==== Verb ==== been (Southern US or African-American Vernacular, rare) Synonym of be (infinitival sense). === Etymology 3 === From Middle English been (plural indicative form); equivalent to be +‎ -en (plural present ending). ==== Verb ==== been (obsolete) plural simple present of be. === Etymology 4 === From Middle English been, bene, ben, beon, from Old English bēon (“bees”), equivalent to bee +‎ -en (plural ending). ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /biːn/ ==== Noun ==== been (UK dialectal) plural of bee === References === Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder. 2003. The Harvard Dialect Survey: been. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department. === Anagrams === Bene, Eben, NEbE, bene, eben, neeb == Afrikaans == === Etymology === From Dutch been, from Middle Dutch bêen, from Old Dutch bēn, from Proto-Germanic *bainą. === Pronunciation === === Noun === been (plural bene or beendere, diminutive beentjie) leg of a human or humanoid bone (in the diminutive) synonym of ossikel (“ossicle”) ==== Usage notes ==== The plural beendere is used alternatively in the sense “bone”, especially collectively. ==== Synonyms ==== poot (leg, of an animal) boud (leg, a cut of meat) ==== Derived terms ==== penisbeen == Basque == === Noun === been genitive plural of be == Dutch == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /beːn/ Hyphenation: been Rhymes: -eːn === Etymology 1 === From Middle Dutch bêen, from Old Dutch bēn, from Proto-West Germanic *bain, from Proto-Germanic *bainą. ==== Noun ==== been n (plural benen, diminutive beentje n) leg, limb of a person, horse (other animals would have poten) and certain objects (again many have poten) De benen van een passer. ― The legs of a pair of compasses. (mathematics) side, leg De benen van een hoek. ― The sides of an angle. the upper part of a sock, above the ankle ===== Usage notes ===== The contemporary plural benen is derived from an analogy to other nouns with regular plurals. Originally, been was left unchanged in the plural; such use is preserved only in set phrases like op de been (“upright, standing, awake”). ==== Noun ==== been n (plural beenderen or benen or (obsolete) beenders, diminutive beentje n) bone, constituent part of a skeleton Synonyms: bot, knook, knekel (uncountable) bone, the chalky material bones are made of Synonym: bot ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Descendants ===== Afrikaans: been Berbice Creole Dutch: been Jersey Dutch: beîn Negerhollands: been → Lokono: bèna === Etymology 2 === See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form. ==== Verb ==== been inflection of benen: first-person singular present indicative (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative imperative === Anagrams === bene == Dutch Low Saxon == === Etymology === From Low German Been, from Middle Low German bên, from Old Saxon bēn. === Noun === been leg === See also === German Low German: Been == Finnish == === Noun === been genitive/accusative singular of bee == Middle Dutch == === Etymology === From Old Dutch bēn, from Proto-West Germanic *bain, from Proto-Germanic *bainą. === Noun === bêen n leg foot bone ==== Inflection ==== ==== Alternative forms ==== bein (Limburgish) ==== Descendants ==== Dutch: beenAfrikaans: beenBerbice Creole Dutch: beenJersey Dutch: beînNegerhollands: been→ Lokono: bèna Limburgish: bein === Further reading === “been”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000 Verwijs, E.; Verdam, J. (1885–1929), “been”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN == Middle English == === Etymology 1 === From a conflation of Old English bēon and wesan, from Proto-West Germanic *beun and *wesan, from Proto-Germanic *beuną and *wesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- and a conflation of *h₂wéseti and *h₁ésti. ==== Alternative forms ==== be, bean, ben, beon, boen (from *h₁ésti, rare) seen, sen ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /beːn/ IPA(key): /bøːn/ (Southern, Southwest Midland) ==== Verb ==== been (third-person singular simple present is, present participle beynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative was, past participle been) (intransitive) To be; to exist or have existence: (intransitive) To occur; to come to be. (with adjective or adverb) To be with a certain quality or in a certain situation. (transitive) To be to or for someone or something. (copulative) To be something or someone. (with genitive) To be someone's; to be in someone's possession. (auxiliary) Forms the continuous present and perfect. (auxiliary) Forms the perfect tense with some intransitive verbs. (auxiliary) Forms various passive constructions. ===== Usage notes ===== ben may be used elliptically if the subject, complement, or predicate is implicit. The perfect tense is usually formed with haven; see that entry for more. ===== Conjugation ===== ===== Descendants ===== English: be; been (dialectal) Scots: be Yola: ba, b', bee, be ===== References ===== “bẹ̄n, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007. === Etymology 2 === From Old French and Medieval Latin, from Arabic بَان (bān, “ben tree”). ==== Noun ==== been ben (moringa tree) ===== Descendants ===== English: ben ==== References ==== “bēn, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007. === Etymology 3 === From Old English bēon, nominative plural form of bēo, from Proto-Germanic *bijōniz, nominative plural form of *bijǭ. Equivalent to bee +‎ -en (plural suffix). ==== Alternative forms ==== beon ==== Noun ==== been plural of bee (“bee”) === Etymology 4 === From Old English ġebēon, past participle of bēon (“to be”); equivalent to y- +‎ be +‎ -en (participial suffix). ==== Alternative forms ==== ybeen, ybe ==== Verb ==== been past participle of been (“to be”) ===== Descendants ===== English: been Scots: been === Etymology 5 === From (with the -þ replaced with an -n leveled in from the past and subjunctive) Old English bēoþ, present plural of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biunþi, third-person present plural of *beuną (“to be, become”). ==== Alternative forms ==== be ==== Verb ==== been plural present indicative of been (“to be”) ===== Usage notes ===== The usual plural form of been is aren in the North, been in the Midlands, and beth in the South; sind also existed, especially early on, but was not the predominant form in any area. ===== Descendants ===== English: been (obsolete as the plural) === Etymology 6 === From Old English bēon, present subjunctive plural of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biwīn, third-person present subjunctive plural of *beuną (“to be, become”). ==== Verb ==== been plural present subjunctive of been (“to be”) ===== Descendants ===== English: be Scots: be === Etymology 7 === ==== Noun ==== been alternative form of bene (“bean”) == Scots == === Etymology === From Middle English ybeen, from Old English ġebēon, past participle of bēon (“to be”). === Verb === been past participle of be == Somali == === Etymology === From Proto-Somaloid *beén, from earlier *benn-. Cognate with Aweer bée, Rendille béen, Blin bin. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /beːn/ === Noun === béen f lie === References === Puglielli, A., & Mansuur, C. C. (2012). Qaamuuska Af‒Soomaaliga (in Somali) Roma: Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente, page 78 == Yola == === Etymology === From Middle English bee, from Old English bēo, from Proto-Germanic *bijō. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /biːn/ === Noun === been bees ==== Derived terms ==== bumble-bee tyel-been === References === Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828), William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 25