astonen

== Middle English == === Alternative forms === astone, a-stonen, astoynyn astonie (Kent) === Etymology === Likely a back-formation from astoned, either a partial calque of Old French estoné (“stunned”), the past participle of estoner (“to stun”), with the Old French participial suffix -é replaced with -ed and prefixed with a- or less likely, a partial calque of an unattested *astoné, *atoné; compare Middle French attoné (“shaken”) and Orléanais attoner (“to be worried, to want to know”). By surface analysis, a- +‎ stonen (“to stun”). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /aˈstunən/ === Verb === astonen (third-person singular simple present astoneth, present participle astonende, astonynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle astoned) (uncommon) To stun, daze; to subject to stupefaction. To astonish or surprise. To strike a blow (with a weapon). ==== Conjugation ==== ==== Related terms ==== astoneyen ==== Descendants ==== English: astun (obsolete) ⇒ English: astonish === References === “astǒnen, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007. William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin Eli Smith, editors (1895–1910), “aston”, in The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC. Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002), “*extonare”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 3: D–F, page 330