arrufar

== Catalan == === Alternative forms === arrufir === Etymology === Uncertain. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): (Northern, Balearic, Central) [ə.ruˈfa] IPA(key): (Valencia) [a.ruˈfaɾ] IPA(key): (Northwestern) [a.ruˈfa] === Verb === arrufar (first-person singular present arrufo, first-person singular preterite arrufí, past participle arrufat) (transitive) to wrinkle, to crinkle Synonym: arrugar (pronominal) to stand on end, to bristle ==== Conjugation ==== ==== Derived terms ==== === Further reading === “arrufar”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], April 2007 == Galician == === Alternative forms === rufar === Etymology === From Old Galician-Portuguese arrufar (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria) of uncertain origin. Cognate with Portuguese and Spanish arrufar. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /aruˈfaɾ/ [a.ruˈfaɾ] Rhymes: -aɾ Hyphenation: a‧rru‧far === Verb === arrufar (first-person singular present arrufo, first-person singular preterite arrufei, past participle arrufado) to incite; to embolden (pronominal) to get cocky ==== Conjugation ==== ==== Derived terms ==== arrufado ==== Related terms ==== rufo === References === Seoane, Ernesto Xosé González; Granja, María Álvarez de la; Agrelo, Ana Isabel Boullón (2006–2022), “arrufar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval [Dictionary of dictionaries of Medieval Galician] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega Barreiro, Xavier Varela; Guinovart, Xavier Gómez (2006–2018), “arrufar”, in Corpus Xelmírez: corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval [Corpus Xelmírez: linguistic corpus of Medieval Galicia] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “arrufar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “arrufar”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega “arrufar”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2026 “arrufar”, in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (in Galician), 2014–2026 Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “arrufar”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN == Old Spanish == === Etymology === Of uncertain origin. First attested circa 1250. Compare with Galician and Portuguese arrufar. === Verb === arrufar (reflexive) to become vain or conceited == Portuguese == === Etymology === From Old Galician-Portuguese arrufar (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria) of uncertain origin. Cognate with Spanish and Galician arrufar. === Pronunciation === Hyphenation: ar‧ru‧far === Verb === arrufar (first-person singular present arrufo, first-person singular preterite arrufei, past participle arrufado) (transitive, reflexive) to anger (to become or cause someone to become angry) Synonyms: enraivecer, irritar, zangar, enervar Antonym: acalmar ==== Conjugation ==== ==== Related terms ==== arrufo === Further reading === “arrufar”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026 “arrufar”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026 == Spanish == === Etymology === Inherited from Old Spanish arrufar, of uncertain origin. First attested c. 1250 in the sense "to become conceited". Said originally to have been borrowed from a Germanic language, compare English ruffle or Icelandic hrufla. However, it is difficult for a word mostly attested in northern Europe to travel down all the way to Iberia, with the West Germanic examples possibly being borrowed from Romance languages as well. It could be derived from Latin rūfus (“red-haired”) as a derogatory term or from the custom of Roman prostitutes to dress themselves with blond wigs, or in another way, from Latin rūfula (“prostitute”) via Vulgar Latin *rūfulanus. Compare with Galician arrufar, Portuguese arrufar and Italian ruffiano. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /aruˈfaɾ/ [a.ruˈfaɾ] Rhymes: -aɾ Syllabification: a‧rru‧far === Verb === arrufar (first-person singular present arrufo, first-person singular preterite arrufé, past participle arrufado) (transitive) to incite; to provoke (ambitransitive) to build a sheer (curve of deck) in a ship (obsolete, pronominal, intransitive) to become vain or conceited (obsolete, pronominal, intransitive) to snarl; to growl ==== Conjugation ==== === Further reading === “arrufar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025