aby

== Translingual == === Symbol === aby (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Aneme Wake. == English == === Alternative forms === abye, abuy, abie === Etymology === From Middle English abyen, abien, abiggen, from Old English ābyċġan (“to buy; pay for; buy off; requite; recompense; redeem; perform; execute”), from Proto-Germanic *uzbugjaną, equivalent to a- +‎ buy. Cognate with Gothic 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (usbugjan). Not related to abide. === Pronunciation === (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA(key): /əˈbaɪ/ Rhymes: -aɪ === Verb === aby (simple past and past participle abought, no other forms attested in Modern English) (transitive) (archaic) To pay the penalty for (something); to atone for, to make amends. [from 12th c.] Synonym: make up (archaic, figuratively) To pay (something) as a penalty, to atone for; to suffer (something). [from 12th c.] Synonym: sustain (obsolete except Scotland) To endure or tolerate (something); to experience. [from 16th c.] Synonyms: brook, go on, hold on, put up with; see also Thesaurus:persist, Thesaurus:tolerate (obsolete) To pay for (something); to buy. [12th–16th c.] Synonyms: procure, purchase; see also Thesaurus:buy (intransitive, obsolete) To pay the penalty; to atone. [12th–16th c.] Synonyms: expiate, propitiate To endure; to remain. [14th–16th c.] ==== Usage notes ==== The verb is almost always encountered with a modal verb, as in shall aby, could aby, etc. The gerund abuying of the alternative spelling abuy is found in one text; see that entry. === References === === Anagrams === yBa, bya, bay, Bay, yab, YBA == Czech == === Etymology === Inherited from Old Czech aby, from Proto-Slavic *aby. By surface analysis, univerbation of a +‎ by. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): [ˈabɪ] === Particle === aby Denotes desire or wish; if only; had better Synonyms: kdyby, kéž by Už aby tu byli. ― I can't wait for them to come.. Jenom aby! ― Let's hope! === Conjunction === aby so that, in order to, so ==== Inflection ==== === Further reading === “aby”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957 “aby”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989 == Lower Sorbian == === Etymology === Univerbation of až (“that”) +‎ by (“would”). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈa.bɨ/ Rhymes: -abɨ Syllabification: a‧by === Verb === aby (defective, invariable) that… would === Further reading === Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928), “aby”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008 Starosta, Manfred (1999), “aby”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag == Old Czech == === Etymology === Inherited from Proto-Slavic *aby. By surface analysis, univerbation of a +‎ by. First attested in the 14th century. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): (13th CE) /ˈabɨ/ IPA(key): (15th CE) /ˈabi/ === Particle === aby Denotes desire or wish; if only; had better === Conjunction === aby Introduces a subordinate clause expressing doubt. Introduces a subordinate clause with subjunctive meaning; let, may so that, in order to Introduces a subordinate clause with admissive meaning; even if, though ==== Inflection ==== ==== Descendants ==== Czech: aby === References === === Further reading === Jan Gebauer (1903–1916), “aby”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění == Old Polish == === Etymology === Inherited from Proto-Slavic *aby. By surface analysis, univerbation of a +‎ by. First attested in the 14th century. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /abi/ IPA(key): (15th CE) /abi/ === Conjunction === aby (attested in Lesser Poland, Greater Poland) introduces a clause of aim; to, in order to, so that [with past-tense clause ‘to do what’] (attested in Lesser Poland, Greater Poland) Introduces an object clause; to, in order to, so that (attested in Lesser Poland) Introduces a subject clause; to, in order to, so that (attested in Greater Poland, Masovia) Introduces a qualifier clause; to, in order to, so that Introduces a resultative clause; to, in order to, so that (attested in Lesser Poland) even though, although (attested in Lesser Poland) Introduces an unreal conditional; if at least === Particle === aby (attested in Lesser Poland) may, I wish, if only ==== Descendants ==== Polish: aby, jaby (Łowicz) Silesian: aby === References === Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “aby”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN Mańczak, Witold (2017), “aby”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000), “aby”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish) Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965), “aby”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “aby”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN Ewa Deptuchowa, Mariusz Frodyma, Katarzyna Jasińska, Magdalena Klapper, Dorota Kołodziej, Mariusz Leńczuk, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, editors (2023), “aby”, in Rozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych [Dictionaries of Polish glosses, an Internet database] (in Polish), Kraków: Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk == Polish == === Alternative forms === jaby (Łowicz) === Etymology === Inherited from Old Polish aby. By surface analysis, univerbation of a +‎ by. === Pronunciation === Rhymes: -abɘ Syllabification: a‧by === Conjunction === aby to, in order to, so that (connects sentences either to express the goal of a speaker, when the speaker wishes to communicate a command or wish) [with past-tense clause ‘to do what’] Synonyms: by, żeby, ażeby Mówię po to, aby nie było cicho. ― I am speaking so that it isn't quiet. Chcę, abyś jutro przyszedł. ― I want you to come tomorrow. to (used to connect a sequence of actions) [with infinitive ‘to do what’] Synonyms: by, żeby, ażeby Usiadł, aby znowu wstać. ― He sat down to get right back up again. so long as (used to express a wish for anything) [with past-tense clause ‘to do what’] Zrób to byle jak, aby szybciej ― Do it any which way, as long as it's faster. just to, for the sake of Czytał aby czytał ― He read just to read (Masuria) introduces a conditional clause; if (Ostróda) introduces a comparative clause; as if ==== Declension ==== === Particle === aby (colloquial) expresses the speaker's certainty of their statement; happen to, isn't? Near-synonyms: czasami, czasem, przypadkiem Aby tam będzie? ― Do you really think he'll be there? (Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia, optative) hopefully; had better; may (Masuria, Warmia) at least Synonym: przynajmniej (Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia, delimitive) only, just Synonym: tylko (Ostróda) seemingly, apparently, ostensibly, supposedly Synonym: niby ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== → Yiddish: אַבי (abi) === Trivia === According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), aby is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 110 times in scientific texts, 81 times in news, 113 times in essays, 89 times in fiction, and 37 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 430 times, making it the 108th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words. === References === === Further reading === aby in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN aby in Polish dictionaries at PWN Maria Renata Mayenowa; Stanisław Rospond; Witold Taszycki; Stefan Hrabec; Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023), “aby”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish] “ABY”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 07.05.2008 Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814), “aby”, in Słownik języka polskiego, volume 1, page 3 Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “aby”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861 J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “aby”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 4 Zofia Stamirowska (1987-2024), “aby”, in Anna Basara, editor, Słownik gwar Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur, volume 1, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, →ISBN, pages 111-112 == Scots == === Adverb === aby Doric Scots form of abye (“ago, past”) === References === Eagle, Andy, editor (2026), “aby”, in The Online Scots Dictionary‎[12] == Silesian == === Etymology === Inherited from Old Polish aby. By surface analysis, univerbation of a +‎ by. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ˈa.bɪ/ Rhymes: -abɪ Syllabification: a‧by === Conjunction === aby denotes aim or goal; to, in order to Synonyms: ażby, by, coby, iżeby, żeby === Particle === aby (focus) at least (at the least; at a minimum or lower limit) Synonyms: (Cieszyn) aspōń, chociŏż, przinojmnij === Further reading === aby in silling.org