-tim

== Latin == === Etymology === Adverbial accusative of Proto-Indo-European *-tis. === Pronunciation === (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [tĩː] (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [tim] === Suffix === -tim forms adverbs from verbs with the meaning "by ...-ing" ‎currō (“to run, hurry, hasten”) + ‎-tim → ‎cursim (“quickly, swiftly, hastily, speedily”) ‎scindō (“to cut”) + ‎-tim → ‎scissim ‎stringō (“draw tight, touch lightly”) + ‎-tim → ‎strictim ‎incīdō (“cut short”) + ‎-tim → ‎incīsim ‎dispergō (“scatter”) + ‎-tim → ‎dispersim ‎contemnō (“scorn”) + ‎-tim → ‎contemptim forms some adverbs from nouns ‎ūber (“udder, teat; copiousness”) + ‎-tim → ‎ūbertim (“copiously,abundantly, plentifully”) ‎tribus (“a tribe”) + ‎-tim → ‎tribūtim (“by tribe, tribe by tribe”) ==== Usage notes ==== This suffix is one of many (including -tus, -tor, -tiō, -tim, -tō, -tūra) that all use the same verb stem as the supine, perfect passive participle, and/or future active participle, found in the verb's fourth principal part. This stem is conventionally considered to end in -t- (or for some verbs, -s-), which would imply analyzing the suffixes as -us, -or, -io, -im, etc. However, from an etymological perspective it is more accurate to identify -t-/-s- as the initial consonant of these suffixes. Most 1st conjugation verbs attach -t- after the theme vowel -ā-: e.g. amō, amātor, but a few form this principal part differently: e.g. secō > sectiō. Similarly, many 4th conjugation verbs use -ī-t-, but some use other formations, e.g. saliō > saltō. 2nd conjugation verbs are less consistent. Many use -i-t- (moneō, monitor); some attach -t- after the final consonant of the root (doceō > doctor); a considerable number lack this principal part. Monosyllabic stems use -ē-t-: ex-pleō (stem plē-) > explētiō. Many 3rd conjugation verbs (and some 1st, 2nd and 4th) attach -t- directly after a consonant, which can cause complex changes. When -t- is placed after -t- or -d-, the consonants merge to -ss- (simplified to -s- if not preceded by short vowel): metō > messor, caedo > caesūra. Occasionally -s- is used after other consonants: curro > cursim, mergo > mersō. Before -t-, -b- -g- are regularly devoiced to -p- -c-: scrībō > scrīptor; frīgō > frīctus. The addition of -t- can be accompanied by various other changes, including vowel shortening, vowel lengthening, consonant insertion, or consonant deletion. See this page for a more complete analysis. A few noun stems follow similar modifications, but more often, nouns use -ātim: ‎tribus (“tribe”) + ‎-tim → ‎tribūtim but ‎vicis (“turn”) + ‎-tim → ‎vicissim ==== Derived terms ==== -ātim === References === Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN