-nsa

== Finnish == === Alternative forms === -an === Etymology === From Proto-Finnic *-nsak, from Proto-Uralic *-nsa[t/k]. In Finnic, a third-person plural oblique possessive suffix (i.e. for a third-person plural possessor and all cases but the nominative singular). Third-person singular and plural possessive forms merged quite early on. Adopted in western dialects as the general third-person possessive suffix then, since the non-oblique form *-sak would have lenited to *-hV(k), which was avoided. Cognate with Erzya -(н)зо (-(n)zo), -ст (-st). === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /-nsɑˣ/, [-ns̠ɑ̝(ʔ)] === Suffix === -nsa (front vowel harmony variant -nsä, linguistic notation -nsA) (to the (strong) vowel stem; the final -n of the genitive and illative singular and plural or the -t of the nominative plural is omitted) (possessive) Third-person possessive suffix, used with the genitive forms of the third-person pronouns hän sg (hänen) and he pl (heidän): his, her; their (only of people); its (in some cases; see the usage notes below) hänen kirjansa ― his/her book hänen äänensä ― his/her voice heidän kirjansa ― their book Kalle luki hänen kirjansa. ― Kalle read his/her book. [The book is not by or owned by Kalle, but some other person mentioned before.] (possessive) Third-person reflexive possessive suffix. Kalle luki kirjansa. ― Kalle read his (own) book. [The book is by or owned by Kalle himself.] (possessive) Appended to a postposition, when it modifies a word in the genitive case and a third-person personal pronoun is used: him, her; them (only of people) hänen takanansa ― behind him/her heidän edessänsä ― in front of them (possessive) Used in a participle structure replacing an "että" clause, preceded by a verb expressing e.g. telling, claiming, asserting, confirming, thinking, wish, desire, seeming, when the clauses have the same subject "he", "she" or "they" (only of people); appended to the active present participle in genitive singular when the action is concurrent with the main clause. (possessive) Used in a participle structure replacing an "että" clause, preceded by a verb expressing e.g. telling, claiming, asserting, confirming, thinking, wish, desire, seeming, when the clauses have the same subject "he", "she" or "they" (only of people); appended to the active past participle in genitive singular when the said/alleged (etc.) action antedates the main clause. (possessive) Used in a shortened sentence expressing concurrent actions when the clauses have the same subject in the third person, appended to the inessive of the active second infinitive. (possessive) Used in a shortened sentence expressing subsequent actions when the clauses have the same subject in the third person, appended to the partitive of the passive past participle singular. (possessive) Used in a final shortened sentence expressing "in order to do" when the clauses have the same subject in the third person, appended to the long first infinitive. (possessive) Used in some adverbs that include back vowels, when the clause has the subject in the third person. (possessive) Always appended to a noun in the comitative case when the clause has the subject in the third person. ==== Usage notes ==== ==== Derived terms ==== toisensa (“each other, one another”) === See also === -ni -si -mme -nne === References === === Anagrams === san. == Sidamo == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /-nsa/ === Determiner === -nsa their ==== See also ==== === References === Kazuhiro Kawachi (2007), A grammar of Sidaama (Sidamo), a Cushitic language of Ethiopia, page 383